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Related Concept Videos

Larynx01:21

Larynx

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The human larynx, often referred to as the voice box, is an intricate organ located in the neck. It serves as a pathway for air to enter the lungs during respiration and is an essential component of voice production.
Anatomy of the Larynx
The larynx consists of various components, including cartilage, muscles, and vocal cords. Its structure includes three large unpaired cartilages—the thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis—and three smaller paired cartilages—the arytenoids,...
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In assessing respiratory abnormalities, palpation and auscultation are critical tools for detecting and interpreting various pathophysiological changes. These techniques provide insight into underlying disorders by evaluating tactile sensations and sounds produced by the respiratory system.
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Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract IV: Auscultation01:28

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Auscultation is a crucial component of the physical assessment of the respiratory tract. It offers valuable insights into airflow through the bronchial tree and potential lung obstructions. This process involves careful listening to breath, voice, and adventitious sounds, which can reveal a wealth of information about a patient's respiratory health.
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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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The pharynx, a tubular structure framed by skeletal muscle and lined with mucous membrane, extends continuously from the nasal cavities. It is segmented into three major areas: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
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Hyperventilation refers to a higher-than-normal rate and depth of breathing, often associated with anxiety attacks. This excessive breathing surpasses the body's need to expel CO2, leading to a condition known as hypocapnia - an unusually low level of carbon dioxide in the blood. Hypocapnia can constrict cerebral blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the brain, which may result in dizziness or fainting. Early signs include tingling and muscle spasms in the hands and face, caused by falling...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 24, 2025

Hemi-laryngeal Setup for Studying Vocal Fold Vibration in Three Dimensions
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Hoarseness.

Hayley Born1, Anaïs Rameau2

  • 1Sean Parker Institute for the Voice at Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 240 East 59th Street, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: https://twitter.com/drhayleyborn.

The Medical Clinics of North America
|August 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Persistent hoarseness requires medical attention. This review covers voice physiology, causes of dysphonia, and when to see an otolaryngologist for diagnosis and treatment, including the role of reflux.

Keywords:
DysphoniaHoarsenessLaryngologyVocal foldVoice

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Speech Science
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Hoarseness (dysphonia) is a common symptom, often temporary.
  • Persistent or concerning hoarseness necessitates a thorough evaluation.
  • Understanding voice physiology is key to diagnosing dysphonia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the physiology of voice production.
  • To outline differential diagnoses for persistent hoarseness.
  • To guide when referral to an otolaryngologist is warranted.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on voice disorders.
  • Discussion of diagnostic techniques for dysphonia.
  • Examination of the role of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in hoarseness.

Main Results:

  • Dysphonia has numerous potential causes, ranging from benign to serious.
  • Diagnostic tools include laryngoscopy and stroboscopy.
  • Reflux is a significant, though sometimes overlooked, contributor to hoarseness.

Conclusions:

  • Early and accurate diagnosis by an otolaryngologist is crucial for effective hoarseness management.
  • A comprehensive approach considering various etiologies, including reflux, improves patient outcomes.
  • Timely intervention can prevent long-term voice impairment.