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M Valdés1, F Alonso1, P Pino1

  • 1Programa de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Poblacional - Escuela de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago. Chile.

Revue D'Epidemiologie Et De Sante Publique
|August 16, 2021
PubMed
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During COVID-19 lockdowns, Santiago experienced improved air quality with reduced fine particulate matter (PM2.5). This led to a significant decrease in emergency room visits for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and deaths from ischemic heart disease (IHD) in specific areas.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Cardiovascular Epidemiology
  • Air Pollution Research

Background:

  • Santiago, Chile, faces high levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) primarily from traffic.
  • The COVID-19 lockdown in Q2 2020 offered a unique opportunity to study air quality improvements.
  • Previous research links PM2.5 exposure to increased risks of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the impact of reduced PM2.5 concentrations during the 2020 COVID-19 lockdown on emergency room visits for AMI.
  • To evaluate the effect of improved air quality on deaths attributed to IHD.
  • To compare these health outcomes between equivalent periods in 2019 and 2020 in Santiago.

Main Methods:

  • Air quality monitoring of daily average PM2.5 concentrations across nine communes in Santiago.
Keywords:
COVID-19 pandemicChileChiliair pollution, particulate mattercardiopathie ischémiqueinfarctus aigu du myocardeischemic heart diseasemyocardial infarctionpandémie COVID-19pollution atmosphérique, particules fines

Related Experiment Videos

  • Analysis of quarterly emergency room visits for AMI and IHD deaths for 2019 and 2020.
  • Calculation of attributable risk fractions (ARF) for AMI and IHD related to PM2.5 exposure.

    • Main Results:

    • Daily average PM2.5 levels decreased in eight out of nine Santiago communes, with significant reductions in only three.
    • Emergency room visits for AMI and IHD deaths showed a slight but significant decrease in these three communes.
    • Attributable risk fractions for other communes remained similar to 2019 levels, indicating no significant health impact.

    Conclusions:

    • Significant reductions in PM2.5-attributable AMI and IHD outcomes were observed only in communes with substantial PM2.5 concentration decreases during the pandemic.
    • The study highlights the direct link between air quality improvements and cardiovascular health benefits.
    • Targeted air pollution reduction strategies in urban areas can yield measurable improvements in public health.