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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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De novo myogenesis, or the formation of muscle fibers, begins during the early embryonic stages. The skeletal muscle is formed from somites– blocks of embryonic cell layers. The somites are further divided into dermatomes, myotomes, sclerotomes, and syndetomes. Among these, the myotomes give rise to muscle fibers.
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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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Mitochondria Encoded Non-coding RNAs in Cell Physiology.

Xu Liu1, Ge Shan1

  • 1Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Science and Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|August 16, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondria generate numerous non-coding RNAs from their genome, impacting cellular functions. This review details these mitochondrial regulatory RNAs and their roles in cell physiology and nucleus-mitochondria communication.

Keywords:
circRNAdsRNAlncRNAmitochondriamitochondria-encoded non-coding RNAsmall ncRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Mitochondria are vital organelles, often called the 'powerhouses' of mammalian cells.
  • The human mitochondrial genome encodes proteins, rRNAs, and tRNAs, but its non-coding RNA output is complex and increasingly recognized.
  • Non-coding RNAs, including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs), small RNAs, and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are generated from the mitochondrial genome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of regulatory non-coding RNAs encoded by the mammalian mitochondrial genome.
  • To summarize nuclear-encoded non-coding RNAs found within mitochondria for a comprehensive understanding.
  • To discuss the biological functions and regulatory roles of these mitochondrial non-coding RNAs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of current research on mitochondrial non-coding RNAs.
  • Analysis of known mitochondrial non-coding RNA classes (lncRNAs, dsRNAs, small RNAs, circRNAs).
  • Inclusion of information on nuclear-encoded non-coding RNAs relevant to mitochondrial function.

Main Results:

  • The mammalian mitochondrial genome produces a diverse array of non-coding RNAs beyond the traditionally known components.
  • These mitochondrial non-coding RNAs can function within mitochondria, or translocate to the nucleus and cytosol.
  • A growing number of non-coding RNAs, both mitochondrial and nuclear-encoded, are implicated in mitochondrial biology.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondrial non-coding RNAs play significant roles in cellular physiology.
  • These RNAs are crucial mediators in the communication network between mitochondria and the nucleus.
  • Further research into mitochondrial non-coding RNAs is essential for understanding cellular regulation and disease.