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Updated: Oct 24, 2025

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Generating Spin Polarization from Vorticity through Nonlocal Collisions.

Nora Weickgenannt1, Enrico Speranza1, Xin-Li Sheng2

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This study reveals a nonlocal contribution to the Boltzmann equation

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Field Theory
  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • The Boltzmann equation describes particle collisions in gases.
  • Understanding quantum effects in particle dynamics is crucial.
  • Spin-angular momentum conversion is a key phenomenon in particle physics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Derive the collision term in the Boltzmann equation for massive spin-1/2 particles.
  • Investigate the role of quantum corrections (ℏ) in particle collisions.
  • Analyze the conversion of orbital to spin angular momentum.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the equation of motion for the Wigner function.
  • Applying quantum field theory principles to derive the collision term.
  • Analyzing the energy-momentum tensor and spin potential.

Main Results:

  • A nonlocal contribution to the collision term is identified to next-to-lowest order in ℏ.
  • This nonlocal term facilitates the conversion of orbital into spin angular momentum.
  • The antisymmetric part of the energy-momentum tensor originates from this nonlocal contribution.
  • The collision term is shown to vanish in global equilibrium.
  • The spin potential equals thermal vorticity in equilibrium.

Conclusions:

  • The derived collision term provides a quantum mechanical description of particle interactions.
  • The findings elucidate the mechanism of angular momentum conversion due to quantum effects.
  • The results connect microscopic particle dynamics to macroscopic fluid behavior (micropolar fluids).