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Related Concept Videos

Gram-negative Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems01:17

Gram-negative Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems

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Gram-negative bacteria utilize sophisticated protein secretion systems to transport proteins across their double-membrane envelope into the extracellular environment or host cells. Based on their mechanism of action, these systems are classified into one-step and two-step pathways.One-Step Secretion Systems (Types I, III, IV, and VI)One-step secretion systems bypass the periplasm entirely, forming a continuous channel that spans both the inner and outer membranes:Type I Secretion System (T1SS):...
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Bacterial Translocation and Protein Secretion01:26

Bacterial Translocation and Protein Secretion

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Bacterial protein secretion involves translocation systems to ensure proteins reach their designated locations, including the plasma membrane, periplasm, outer membrane, or the external environment. These translocation systems are vital for bacterial physiology, supporting processes like membrane assembly, enzymatic activity in the periplasm, and interactions with the external environment. The division of labor between Sec and Tat pathways ensures efficiency in handling proteins with diverse...
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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Global Regulatory Systems01:28

Global Regulatory Systems

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Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...
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Formation of Lipopolysaccharides01:19

Formation of Lipopolysaccharides

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Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are crucial components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, serving both structural and functional roles. It contributes to membrane stability and protects bacteria from host immune responses. LPS is composed of three major regions—lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O antigen. The biosynthesis and assembly of LPS involve a highly coordinated set of enzymatic reactions and transport mechanisms. Additionally, LPS is recognized as an endotoxin,...
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Biosynthesis in Bacteria01:24

Biosynthesis in Bacteria

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Biosynthesis in bacteria is a fundamental anabolic process that generates essential macromolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and polysaccharides. These macromolecules are critical for cellular growth, replication, and function. The process is tightly regulated and energetically linked to catabolic pathways to ensure optimal resource utilization.Biosynthetic pathways begin with precursor metabolites such as pyruvate, acetyl-CoA, and glucose-6-phosphate derived from glycolysis,...
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A Visual Assay to Monitor T6SS-mediated Bacterial Competition
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A Widespread Bacterial Secretion System with Diverse Substrates.

Alex S Grossman1, Terra J Mauer2, Katrina T Forest2

  • 1University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Department of Microbiology, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.

Mbio
|August 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Researchers identified a new bacterial secretion system, the type 11 secretion system (TXISS), crucial for Gram-negative bacteria. This system facilitates protein secretion and host interactions, aiding bacterial colonization and symbiosis.

Keywords:
DUF560HACEKHrpBNilBSlamSteinernemaTbpBXenorhabdushemophilialipoproteinnetworkouter membrane

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology and Molecular Biology
  • Bacterial Physiology and Virulence

Background:

  • Surface and secreted proteins are vital for host-associated bacteria to acquire nutrients, interact with host cells, and localize to specific tissues.
  • Mechanisms for protein transport across or tethering to the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria are not fully understood.
  • The Domain of Unknown Function 560 (DUF560) is present in outer membrane proteins of Proteobacteria and linked to host interactions and lipoprotein exposure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the function and evolutionary relationships of the DUF560 protein superfamily in Gram-negative bacteria.
  • To characterize the role of DUF560 proteins in protein secretion and bacterial-host interactions.
  • To propose a classification for a newly identified bacterial secretion system.

Main Methods:

  • Sequence similarity networking was employed to identify DUF560 subfamilies.
  • Experimental characterization of DUF560 proteins, including studies on NilB, Slam1, and Slam2.
  • In silico analysis of DUF560 gene distribution across bacterial environments and host associations.

Main Results:

  • Three DUF560 homolog subfamilies were identified, including known proteins involved in host range and lipoprotein assembly.
  • A second subfamily of DUF560 proteins was shown to facilitate the secretion of soluble, nonlipidated proteins across the outer membrane.
  • DUF560 gene complementation correlates with bacterial environment and host association, indicating conserved roles in symbiosis.

Conclusions:

  • The DUF560 protein superfamily represents a novel Gram-negative secretion system, termed the type 11 secretion system (TXISS).
  • TXISS mediates both lipoprotein surface exposure and soluble protein secretion, playing conserved roles in facilitating bacterial symbiosis.
  • This discovery enhances our understanding of bacterial colonization factors and their localization, aiding predictions of bacterial interactions within host environments.