Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Electrohypersensitivity beyond controversies.

International journal of hygiene and environmental health·2026
Same author

Positive interventions cannot prevent the occurrence of symptoms triggered by negative pictures.

Journal of psychosomatic research·2026
Same author

One or many environmental intolerance(s)? A cluster analysis over two representative samples.

International journal of hygiene and environmental health·2026
Same author

A longitudinal bifactor approach to modelling somatic symptom development in psychosomatic treatment.

Journal of psychosomatic research·2026
Same author

Age, sex and mental distress as predictors of rate and deterioration of persistent physical symptoms over three and six years in a general population.

Journal of psychosomatic research·2025
Same author

Prevalence of self-reported sensitivities to various environmental factors in Germany, Sweden, and Finland based on multiple classification criteria.

Journal of psychosomatic research·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 23, 2025

Eye Tracking During A Complex Aviation Task For Insights Into Information Processing
07:48

Eye Tracking During A Complex Aviation Task For Insights Into Information Processing

Published on: April 4, 2025

722

Expectation predicts performance in the mental heartbeat tracking task.

János Körmendi1, Eszter Ferentzi2, Ferenc Köteles2

  • 1Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Health Promotion and Sport Sciences, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.

Biological Psychology
|August 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Expectation significantly influences heartbeat detection accuracy. High expectation may lead to overestimating heartbeats, inflating scores on the Schandry task.

Keywords:
Cardioceptive accuracyExpectationHeart rateHeartbeat perceptionIllusory sensationsInteroception

More Related Videos

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
07:12

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

610
Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis
10:33

Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis

Published on: June 20, 2012

13.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 23, 2025

Eye Tracking During A Complex Aviation Task For Insights Into Information Processing
07:48

Eye Tracking During A Complex Aviation Task For Insights Into Information Processing

Published on: April 4, 2025

722
Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
07:12

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

610
Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis
10:33

Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis

Published on: June 20, 2012

13.0K

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psychophysiology

Background:

  • The Schandry heartbeat tracking task measures interoceptive accuracy.
  • This task is known to be influenced by non-interoceptive factors like expectation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of performance-related expectation on heartbeat detection accuracy.
  • To determine if expectation inflates scores on the Schandry task.

Main Methods:

  • Two studies were conducted assessing heartbeat estimation and expectation.
  • Study 1 assessed expectation between training and trials; Study 2 assessed expectation before and after training.

Main Results:

  • Performance on the Schandry task was strongly related to expectation in both studies.
  • A significant association (β = .595, p < .001) was found in Study 1, and replicated (r = 0.78, p < .001) in Study 2.
  • A moderate association (r = 0.39, p < .01) was also observed in Study 1.

Conclusions:

  • Expectation is a significant confound in heartbeat detection tasks.
  • High expectation may lead individuals to misattribute other sensations as heartbeats, inflating Schandry task scores.