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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview

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Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods

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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the...
803
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

297
AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
297
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab01:21

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab

698
For AAS measurements, samples must be introduced as clear solutions, often requiring extensive preliminary treatment to dissolve materials like soils, animal tissues, and minerals. Common methods for sample preparation include treatment with hot mineral acids, wet ashing, combustion in closed containers, high-temperature ashing, or fusion with reagents.
 Solutions containing organic solvents, such as low-molecular-mass alcohols, esters, or ketones, enhance absorbances by increasing...
698
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

716
The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
716
Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy01:29

Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy

575
Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) is an analytical technique that involves the electronic transitions of atoms in a flame, furnace, or plasma being excited by electromagnetic (EM) radiation. When these atoms absorb energy, they become excited and subsequently release energy as they return to their original state. This emitted light, or "fluorescence," is observed at a right angle to the incident beam. Both absorption and emission processes transpire at distinct wavelengths, which...
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Biological Samples Preparation for Speciation at Cryogenic Temperature using High-Resolution X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
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Determining selenium speciation by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.

Sahar Ehsani1, David James2, Zahra Molaie Oskouie3

  • 1Department of Civil/Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, OH, 44555, USA. sehsani@ysu.edu.

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
|August 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary

A new method accurately measures aquatic selenate (Se(VI)) and selenite (Se(IV)) species. This is crucial for selenium risk assessment and understanding its environmental impact.

Keywords:
Analytical methodInorganic chemistrySelenateSelenite

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Metal-silicate Partitioning at High Pressure and Temperature: Experimental Methods and a Protocol to Suppress Highly Siderophile Element Inclusions
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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Aquatic Chemistry

Background:

  • Selenium speciation significantly influences its toxicity and bioaccumulation in aquatic ecosystems.
  • Accurate measurement of selenium species is vital for effective environmental risk assessments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a straightforward and reliable method for quantifying selenate (Se(VI)) and selenite (Se(IV)) in aquatic samples.
  • To provide a tool for better selenium risk assessment practices.

Main Methods:

  • Total selenium was measured using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.
  • Selenite (Se(IV)) was reduced to hydrogen selenide (H2Se) and stripped.
  • Subsequent total selenium measurement allowed for Se(IV) and Se(VI) quantification by difference.

Main Results:

  • The method demonstrated high recovery rates: 97% for Se(VI) and 99% for Se(IV) in spiked samples.
  • Low detection limits were achieved: 0.32 µg L⁻¹ for Se(VI) and 0.11 µg L⁻¹ for Se(IV).
  • The technique was successfully applied to purified and synthetic irrigation waters.

Conclusions:

  • A simple, single-instrument method for determining Se(VI) and Se(IV) in water was successfully developed.
  • The method requires minimal sample pretreatment and utilizes a direct chemical reaction.
  • This approach offers a practical solution for routine selenium speciation analysis in environmental monitoring.