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Updated: Oct 23, 2025

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale
Published on: August 25, 2014
Prenatal exposure to opioids: Associations between the caregiving environment and externalizing behaviors
Pamela Schuetze1, Stephanie Godleski2, Jenna Sassaman3
1Department of Psychology, Buffalo State College, The State University of New York, USA; The Pennsylvania State University, USA.
Abstract:
Maternal opioid use during pregnancy is a rapidly growing public health crisis and is associated with a range of adverse developmental outcomes including externalizing behaviors among exposed children. Recent work has highlighted the role of indirect pathways from prenatal opioid exposure to behavioral outcomes through aspects of the caregiving environment, including parenting. This review highlights maternal sensitivity and related aspects of the caregiving environment that may impact the development of externalizing behaviors among children with a history of prenatal exposure to opioids. We conclude by providing suggestions for future directions in research examining development among children with prenatal opioid exposure.
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