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Related Concept Videos

Sampling Methods: Sample Types01:18

Sampling Methods: Sample Types

587
Sampling materials are classified into three main types: solid, liquid, and gas.
Solid samples include a variety of substances, such as sediments from water bodies, soil, metals, and biological tissues. Two standard methods for extracting sediments from water bodies are grab sampling and piston coring. Grab sampling involves using a device to collect a discrete sediment sample from the bottom of a water body with minimal disturbance. Grab samples do not always represent the entire area due to...
587
Sampling Plans01:23

Sampling Plans

340
Sampling is a crucial step in analytical chemistry, allowing researchers to collect representative data from a large population. Common sampling methods include random, judgmental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling.
Random sampling is a method where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. It involves selecting individuals randomly, often using random number generators or lottery-type methods. For example, when analyzing the properties of a...
340

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 23, 2025

Sampling, Sorting, and Characterizing Microplastics in Aquatic Environments with High Suspended Sediment Loads and Large Floating Debris
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Assessment of microplastic sampling and extraction methods for drinking waters.

Chuqiao Yuan1, Husein Almuhtaram1, Michael J McKie1

  • 1Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A4, Canada.

Chemosphere
|August 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary

In-line filtration methods show higher microplastic recovery and reduced contamination in drinking water compared to in-lab methods. This study supports in-line filtration for standardizing microplastic analysis in treated water.

Keywords:
Drinking waterMethod developmentMicroplasticsQA/QCUltrafiltration

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Water Treatment Technology

Background:

  • Standardized microplastic analysis methods for treated drinking water are lacking, hindering inter-study comparisons.
  • In-laboratory (in-lab) filtration is predominant, while in-line filtration offers on-site sampling and reduced contamination potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare in-lab and in-line filtration methods for microplastic collection and extraction in drinking water.
  • To evaluate method performance in recovering spiked microplastics and quantifying removal in an ultrafiltration system.

Main Methods:

  • Direct comparison of in-lab and in-line filtration techniques using real drinking water samples.
  • Assessment of microplastic recovery rates for various polymer types (PVC, PET, nylon).
  • Quantification of microplastic reduction through a full-scale ultrafiltration (UF) system.

Main Results:

  • In-line filtration demonstrated superior recovery rates for all tested microplastic types (e.g., +37% for PVC fragments).
  • In-line filtration yielded lower standard deviations in microplastic counts in tap water and UF influent/effluent.
  • The in-line method showed potential filtration capacity exceeding 350 L, dependent on water quality.

Conclusions:

  • In-line filtration offers higher microplastic recovery and better precision for drinking water analysis.
  • This method has a greater potential for reducing microplastic contamination in treated water.
  • The study advocates for in-line filtration to standardize microplastic collection procedures in drinking water research.