Irreversible post-translational modifications - Emerging cardiovascular risk factors.

Area of Science:

• Biochemistry
• Cardiovascular Medicine
• Nephrology

Background:

• Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading global cause of death despite existing preventative therapies.
• Traditional risk factors like cholesterol, blood pressure, and coagulation do not fully explain CVD incidence.
• Non-enzymatic post-translational modifications (nPTMs) alter protein and lipoprotein function, potentially mediating CVD.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and summarize all forms of nPTMs in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and metabolic imbalance.
• To explore the biochemical links between molecular alterations from nPTMs and cardiovascular risk.
• To identify novel, nPTM-associated non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors and their clinical implications.

Main Methods:

• Literature review focusing on nPTMs in the context of CKD and metabolic disorders.
• Analysis of biochemical pathways connecting nPTMs to cardiovascular pathology.
• Synthesis of current knowledge on nPTM-associated risk factors and clinical relevance.

Main Results:

• nPTMs significantly contribute to the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease.
• Renal insufficiency and metabolic imbalance increase reactive metabolites, leading to more frequent nPTMs.
• nPTMs transform native serum components into mediators of cardiovascular disease.

Conclusions:

• nPTMs represent a significant and novel risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
• Understanding nPTMs offers new avenues for CVD risk assessment, prevention, and therapy.
• Further research into nPTMs in CKD and metabolic imbalance is crucial for clinical application.