Organ transplantation in Arabian Gulf countries: ethical and legal practice and beyond

Almost half a century ago, organ transplantation was introduced to Arabian Gulf countries. The criteria for diagnosing brain death among these countries is relatively similar, in which the main area of discrepancy is the number of physicians required to diagnose and their required specialties. Regarding the organs and tissues allowed for transplantation, they must possess an intrinsic regenerative ability if they are harvested from a living donor to avoid jeopardizing their health. To donate, Arabian Gulf countries follow an opt-in consent system, requiring the donor's informed consent before organ procurement. Live donors can be related or unrelated to the recipient, although the latter is subjected to variable restrictions among Arabian Gulf countries and prohibition in one of them. This is due to its implication in commercial trade. Furthermore, the Gulf Health Council was established to coordinate different health initiatives and programs between Gulf states, including organ transplantation, in an attempt to improve the health sector of all of its member states. Although organ trafficking is illegal in all Arabian Gulf countries, their penalty systems vary from barring physicians, subjecting them to fines or even imprisonment. As for the attitudes of people towards organ transplantation, the willingness to donate varies among these countries. The rate of organ transplantation remains low. This article aims to cover the history of organ transplantation, brain death diagnosis protocols, organ donation enrollment policies and conditions, as well as the issue of organ trafficking in Arabian Gulf countries.