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Related Concept Videos

Self-Regulation01:25

Self-Regulation

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Self-regulation, also known as self-control, encompasses a range of cognitive and behavioral processes that allow individuals to adjust their internal states and outward actions to align with socially acceptable norms and long-term goals. It plays a fundamental role in adaptive functioning, from resisting impulsive behaviors to persisting through challenging tasks. While its benefits are widely recognized, self-regulation is not limitless. Muraven and Baumeister's theory posits that...
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One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.  
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People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about...
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Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model01:29

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The Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) model offers a psychological framework to understand how individuals’ self-esteem is influenced by the achievements of others, particularly those with whom they share close personal bonds. The SEM model operates when personal rather than social identity guides individuals. Central to this model is the notion that individuals have an inherent desire to preserve a favorable self-image, which is continuously shaped by interpersonal comparisons and...
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Protecting Self-Esteem01:27

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Self-esteem, a central component of psychological well-being, is actively maintained through various cognitive and behavioral strategies. Individuals employ specific mechanisms to preserve a positive self-concept and mitigate threats to their self-worth, particularly in contexts involving social evaluation or personal feedback. Four primary techniques are commonly used to sustain self-esteem.Manipulating AppraisalsOne prominent strategy involves manipulating appraisals from others. Individuals...
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Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 23, 2025

Psychophysiological Assessment of the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Strategies in Childhood
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Beyond prevention: Regulating responses to self-regulation failure to avoid a set-back effect.

Marieke A Adriaanse1, Pam Ten Broeke2

  • 1Department of Social, Health and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Applied Psychology. Health and Well-Being
|August 18, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Understanding self-regulation failure is key. A simple mindset shift, attributing setbacks to external factors, can prevent future failures and boost self-efficacy.

Keywords:
attributionsfailureself-efficacyself-regulationsetback effect

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Self-regulation is crucial for goal achievement.
  • Everyday self-regulation failures can trigger negative thought patterns, hindering long-term success.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate an intervention to mitigate the "setback effect" following self-regulation failure.
  • To test if instructing individuals to expect setbacks and attribute them externally reduces future failures.

Main Methods:

  • Two studies were conducted, focusing on dieting and procrastination.
  • Participants received an intervention encouraging external attributions for failures.
  • Study 2 explored the mediating role of self-efficacy.

Main Results:

  • Intervention participants reported fewer self-regulation failures and greater success.
  • The intervention effectively reduced the frequency of setbacks.
  • Self-efficacy significantly mediated the positive effects of the intervention in Study 2.

Conclusions:

  • A simple mindset intervention can prevent the detrimental "setback effect."
  • Promoting external attributions for failure protects self-efficacy and enhances self-regulation.
  • This approach offers a practical strategy for improving long-term self-regulation success.