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Related Concept Videos

Obesity01:24

Obesity

772
The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
772
Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution01:25

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution

40
Obesity significantly alters the pharmacokinetic processes of drug absorption and distribution, presenting unique challenges in medical treatment. The increased fat tissue and decreased lean muscle in obese individuals can significantly affect how drugs are absorbed into the body and distributed across different tissues. This alteration can lead to variances in the effectiveness and safety of medications, necessitating adjustments in dosing or drug selection for obese patients.One notable...
40
Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion01:20

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion

31
Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...
31

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 23, 2025

A Novel In Vitro Live-imaging Assay of Astrocyte-mediated Phagocytosis Using pH Indicator-conjugated Synaptosomes
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Obesity-induced astrocyte dysfunction impairs heterosynaptic plasticity in the orbitofrontal cortex.

Benjamin K Lau1, Ciaran Murphy-Royal1, Manpreet Kaur1

  • 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.

Cell Reports
|August 18, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Obesity impairs brain reward circuits by affecting astrocyte function in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). N-acetylcysteine treatment restored synaptic balance, suggesting a potential therapeutic target for obesity-related neurological changes.

Keywords:
GABAGLT-1N-acetylcysteineastrocytesdiet-induced obesityendocannabinoidglutamateglutamate transporterorbitofrontal cortexsynaptic transmission

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Metabolism
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Overconsumption of energy-dense foods drives the global obesity pandemic.
  • The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is crucial for processing food reward signals.
  • Mechanisms by which obesogenic diets alter OFC function remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how obesogenic diets impact synaptic function in the OFC.
  • To elucidate the role of astrocytes in diet-induced neuroadaptations.
  • To explore potential therapeutic interventions for obesity-related OFC dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a rodent model with extended access to a cafeteria diet.
  • Assessed astrocyte glutamate transport and synaptic transmission in the OFC.
  • Investigated the role of endocannabinoids and metabotropic glutamate receptors.
  • Evaluated the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment.

Main Results:

  • Cafeteria diet impaired astrocyte glutamate clearance in the OFC.
  • This led to reduced GABAergic inhibition onto OFC pyramidal neurons.
  • Increased extrasynaptic glutamate and endocannabinoid signaling disrupted synaptic plasticity.
  • N-acetylcysteine (NAC) administration restored astrocytic function and synaptic transmission.

Conclusions:

  • Obesity disrupts OFC function by targeting astrocytes and altering excitatory/inhibitory balance.
  • Astrocytic glutamate transport is a key mechanism affected by obesogenic diets.
  • N-acetylcysteine (NAC) shows promise in ameliorating diet-induced synaptic impairments in the OFC.