Prediction of ¹⁵ N chemical shifts by machine learning

We demonstrate the potential for machine learning systems to predict three-dimensional (3D)-relevant NMR properties beyond traditional ¹ H- and ¹³ C-based data, with comparable accuracy to density functional theory (DFT) (but orders of magnitude faster). Predictions of DFT-calculated ¹⁵ N chemical shifts for 3D molecular structures can be achieved using a machine learning system-IMPRESSION (Intelligent Machine PREdiction of Shift and Scalar information Of Nuclei), with an accuracy of 6.12-ppm mean absolute error (∼1% of the δ¹⁵ N chemical shift range) and an error of less than 20 ppm for 95% of the chemical shifts. It provides less accurate raw predictions of experimental chemical shifts, due to the limited size and chemical space diversity of the training dataset used in its creation, coupled with the limitations of the underlying DFT methodology in reproducing experiment.