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Related Concept Videos

Forces Acting on Chromosomes02:11

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During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base pairs of DNA. Each base pair is 0.34 nm long, meaning each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. This long DNA strand is packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10-20 microns in diameter with the help of specialized DNA-binding proteins called histones. Together they form a compact DNA-protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin is further compacted into higher-order structures. The highest level of compaction is achieved during...
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The LINC Between Mechanical Forces and Chromatin.

Olga Lityagina1, Gergana Dobreva1,2

  • 1Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.

Frontiers in Physiology
|August 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The heart senses mechanical forces via its cytoskeleton, converting them into signals that regulate heart function. Disruptions in this mechanotransduction process are linked to cardiovascular disease.

Keywords:
LINC complexcardiomyocytecardiovascular diseaseendothelial cellepigeneticsmechanotransductionnuclear lamins

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Cellular Mechanobiology
  • Molecular Cardiology

Background:

  • The heart responds to mechanical forces to maintain structure and function.
  • Mechanotransduction converts mechanical stimuli into cellular signals.
  • Defects in mechanotransduction contribute to cardiovascular diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on mechanical force transduction to chromatin in cardiac cells.
  • To discuss the role of the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex in cardiovascular disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cardiac mechanotransduction.
  • Focus on actomyosin cytoskeleton, LINC complex, and nuclear lamina.
  • Discussion of LINC complex function in cardiovascular disease.

Main Results:

  • Mechanical forces are transduced to chromatin via the actomyosin cytoskeleton, LINC complex, and nuclear lamina.
  • The LINC complex plays a significant role in cellular responses to mechanical stress.
  • Dysfunctional mechanotransduction pathways are implicated in cardiovascular pathology.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding cardiac mechanotransduction is crucial for addressing cardiovascular disease.
  • The LINC complex is a key mediator of mechanical signaling in the heart.
  • Further research into LINC complex function may reveal therapeutic targets for heart conditions.