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Related Concept Videos

Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

Arteries of the Head and Neck

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The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
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The coronary arteries, originating from the ascending aorta, bifurcate from two sinuses located within the ascending aorta. Positioned just above the aortic semilunar valve, these sinuses house essential aortic baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, crucial for maintaining cardiac function. The left coronary artery and the right coronary artery branch off from the left posterior and anterior aortic sinuses, respectively.
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Thoracic, aortic arch and abdominal aneurysms are significant vascular conditions that can present with various clinical manifestations and lead to serious complications. Understanding these manifestations and the appropriate diagnostic studies is essential for effective management and treatment.Thoracic Aortic AneurysmsThoracic aortic aneurysms often remain asymptomatic until they reach a size that impinges on adjacent structures. They typically cause deep, diffuse chest pain that radiates to...
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Veins of Head and Neck01:19

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The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 23, 2025

Focal Cerebral Ischemia Model by Endovascular Suture Occlusion of the Middle Cerebral Artery in the Rat
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Cervical and intracranial artery dissections.

Stefan T Engelter1, Philippe Lyrer2, Christopher Traenka3

  • 1Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.

Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders
|August 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Recent studies on cervical artery dissection (CeAD) show weak evidence for aspirin as standard therapy. Antithrombotic treatment should start immediately for acute ischemic stroke, with further research needed for optimal agent selection.

Keywords:
cervical artery dissectionintracranial dissectionstrokestroke-therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Vascular Medicine
  • Interventional Neurology

Background:

  • Cervical artery dissection (CeAD) and intracranial artery dissection (IAD) are significant causes of stroke, particularly in younger populations.
  • Optimal antithrombotic and revascularization strategies for CeAD and IAD remain areas of active investigation and clinical uncertainty.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent therapeutic advances in the management of cervical (CeAD) and intracranial artery dissection (IAD).
  • To evaluate current evidence regarding antithrombotic therapies and revascularization techniques for stroke prevention and acute treatment in CeAD and IAD.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of recent randomized controlled trials (e.g., TREAT-CAD, CADISS) and observational studies.
  • Analysis of therapeutic outcomes, including stroke recurrence, hemorrhage risk, and treatment efficacy for intravenous thrombolysis, endovascular revascularization, and antithrombotic agents.

Main Results:

  • For acute ischemic stroke due to CeAD, intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular revascularization are considered despite unproven benefits.
  • Evidence for aspirin as standard CeAD therapy is weak; Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) may benefit specific patient subgroups.
  • Early initiation of antithrombotic treatment is recommended for CeAD; direct oral anticoagulants require further investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Therapeutic decisions for CeAD and IAD require careful consideration of individual patient factors and ongoing research.
  • Further trials are needed to clarify optimal antithrombotic strategies, including the role of VKAs, antiplatelets, and novel oral anticoagulants in CeAD.
  • Antithrombotic therapy in IAD is controversial due to a higher risk of intracranial hemorrhage compared to CeAD.