Endoscopic treatment for gastric antral vascular ectasia

Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) is one of the uncommon causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Major treatment of GAVE includes pharmacotherapy, endoscopy, and surgery. The efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapy have not been sufficiently confirmed; and surgery is just considered when conservative treatment is ineffective. By comparison, endoscopy is a common treatment option for GAVE. This paper reviews the currently used endoscopic approaches for GAVE, mainly including argon plasma coagulation (APC), radiofrequency ablation (RFA), and endoscopic band ligation (EBL). It also summarizes their efficacy and procedure-related adverse events. The endoscopic success rate of APC is 40-100%; however, APC needs several treatment sessions, with a high recurrence rate of 10-78.9%. The endoscopic success rates of RFA and EBL are 90-100% and 77.8-100%, respectively; and their recurrence rates are 21.4-33.3% and 8.3-48.1%, respectively. Hyperplastic gastric polyps and sepsis are major adverse events of APC and RFA; and Mallory-Weiss syndrome is occasionally observed after APC. Adverse events of EBL are rare and mild, such as nausea, vomiting, esophageal or abdominal pain, and hyperplastic polyps. APC is often considered as the first-line choice of endoscopic treatment for GAVE. RFA and EBL have been increasingly used as alternatives in patients with refractory GAVE. A high recurrence of GAVE after endoscopic treatment should be fully recognized and cautiously managed by follow-up endoscopy. In future, a head-to-head comparison of different endoscopic approaches for GAVE is warranted.