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Related Concept Videos

Anatomical Positions01:11

Anatomical Positions

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In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
The body is upright, facing forward, and standing erect.
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Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

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The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
Regions of the Vertebral Column
In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form...
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Normal and Tangetial Components: Problem Solving01:24

Normal and Tangetial Components: Problem Solving

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Consider a man with a mass of 70 kg seated in a chair connected to a pin support through a member BC. If the man maintains an upright position, the task is to determine the horizontal and vertical reactions of the chair on the man when the member makes a 45° angle with the horizontal. At this moment, the man has a speed of 5 m/s, increasing at a rate of 1 m/s².
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 23, 2025

Biomechanical Changes Related to Low Back Pain: An Innovative Tool for Movement Pattern Assessment and Treatment Evaluation in Rehabilitation
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The Effect of Seat Back Inclination on Spinal Alignment in Automotive Seating Postures.

Fusako Sato1,2, Yusuke Miyazaki3, Shigehiro Morikawa4

  • 1Safety Research Division, Japan Automobile Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan.

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
|August 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Seat back inclination significantly impacts spinal alignment, influencing vertebral kinematics and injury risk. Gender differences in spinal alignment were observed, with females tending toward a kyphotic cervical spine and males toward a lordotic cervical spine.

Keywords:
MRIautomotive seating posturemulti-dimensional scalingseat back inclinationspinal alignmentspinal injuryspinal segmental angle

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Spinal Injury Biomechanics
  • Human Factors Engineering

Background:

  • Spinal injury severity is linked to vertebral kinematics and initial spinal alignment.
  • Spinal alignment may explain gender differences in spinal injury risk.
  • Understanding spinal alignment under varying seat back inclinations is crucial for injury mechanism research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of seat back inclination on spinal alignment in automotive seating postures.
  • To compare spinal alignments across different seat back angles (20° and 25°), standing, and supine postures.
  • To explore gender-specific differences in spinal alignment during automotive seating.

Main Methods:

  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of 11 female and 12 male volunteers.
  • Analysis of spinal alignment patterns using Multidimensional Scaling.
  • Measurement of spinal segmental angles including cervical curvature and thoracic kyphosis.

Main Results:

  • A relationship exists between cervical and thoracic spinal alignment: lordotic cervical spines correlate with kyphotic thoracic spines.
  • Lordotic cervical spines showed significantly greater T1 slope, total thoracic kyphosis, and lower thoracic kyphosis at 20° and 25° seat back angles.
  • Gender differences: females exhibited straighter cervical and less kyphotic thoracic spines, while males showed lordotic cervical and more kyphotic thoracic spines.

Conclusions:

  • Seat back inclination, particularly at 25°, significantly influences total thoracic kyphosis.
  • Differences in spinal alignment between lordotic and kyphotic cervical spines were amplified by seat back inclination.
  • Observed gender-specific spinal alignment differences may be partly explained by variations in cervical spine curvature.