Tissue Engineering of Human Intervertebral Disc: A Concise Review

Intervertebral disc (IVD) represents a structure of crucial structural and functional importance for human spine. Pathology of IVD institutes a frequently encountered condition in current clinical practice. Degenerative disc disease (DDD), the principal clinical representative of IVD pathology, constitutes an increasingly diagnosed spinal disorder associated with substantial morbidity and mortality in recent years. Despite the considerable incidence and socioeconomic burden of DDD, existing treatment modalities including conservative and surgical methods have been demonstrated to provide a limited therapeutic effect, being not capable of interrupting or reversing natural progress of underlying disease. These limitations underline the requirement for development of novel, innovative, and more effective therapeutic strategies for DDD management. Within this literature framework, compromised IVD replacement with a viable IVD construct manufactured with tissue-engineering (TE) methods has been recommended as a promising therapeutic strategy for DDD. Existing preliminary preclinical data demonstrate that proper combination of cells from various sources, different scaffold materials, and appropriate signaling molecules renders manufacturing of whole-IVD tissue-engineered constructs a technically feasible process. The aim of this narrative review was to critically summarize current published evidence regarding particular aspects of IVD-TE, primarily emphasizing in providing researchers in this field with practicable knowledge to enhance clinical translatability of their research and informing clinical practitioners about the features and capabilities of innovative TE science in the field of IVD-TE. Impact Statement Human intervertebral disc (IVD) pathology represents an extremely frequent condition in current clinical practice. Given the considerable limitations of available treatment options, deployment of novel and groundbreaking therapeutic modalities constitutes a rather urgent need. Tissue engineering of entire human IVD, a technically feasible process within laboratory framework, is theoretically capable of overcoming limitations that characterize currently applied therapeutic measures. Optimization of laboratory manufacturing techniques in conjunction with more diligent in vivo evaluation of tissue-engineered constructs are expected to lay the foundations for clinical trials initiation.