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Related Concept Videos

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction01:29

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...
Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction01:27

Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction

Degenerative disc disease is a chronic condition in which intervertebral discs gradually lose structure and function. It is not infectious or autoimmune; rather, it results from age-related biochemical and mechanical changes, influenced by genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors.Structure and Function of DiscsThe spine contains 23 intervertebral discs that absorb load, distribute forces, maintain spacing, and allow flexibility. Each disc consists of a nucleus pulposus, a gel-like core...
Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology

The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Preparation of Intact Bovine Tail Intervertebral Discs for Organ Culture
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Tissue Engineering of Human Intervertebral Disc: A Concise Review.

Nikolaos Gkantsinikoudis1,2, Stylianos Kapetanakis3, Ioannis Magras4

  • 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th.), Thessaloniki, Greece.

Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews
|August 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Degenerative disc disease (DDD) significantly impacts spinal health, but current treatments are limited. Tissue engineering offers a promising approach to create viable intervertebral disc (IVD) replacements, potentially overcoming these limitations.

Keywords:
degenerative disc diseaseintervertebral discintervertebral disc degenerationregenerative medicinetissue engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Orthopedic Surgery

Background:

  • Intervertebral disc (IVD) pathology, particularly degenerative disc disease (DDD), is a prevalent condition with significant morbidity.
  • Current conservative and surgical treatments for DDD offer limited efficacy and cannot halt disease progression.
  • There is an urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies to manage DDD effectively.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review current evidence on intervertebral disc tissue engineering (IVD-TE).
  • To provide researchers with practical knowledge for enhancing clinical translatability of IVD-TE research.
  • To inform clinicians about the capabilities of advanced tissue-engineering science for IVD repair.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of published evidence on IVD-TE.
  • Analysis of cell sources, scaffold materials, and signaling molecules for IVD construct fabrication.
  • Evaluation of preclinical data and potential for clinical translation.

Main Results:

  • Manufacturing whole-IVD tissue-engineered constructs is technically feasible using a combination of cells, scaffolds, and signaling molecules.
  • Preliminary preclinical data support the potential of IVD-TE as a therapeutic strategy.
  • Optimization of manufacturing and rigorous in vivo evaluation are crucial for clinical application.

Conclusions:

  • Tissue engineering of entire human IVDs presents a promising strategy to address the limitations of current DDD treatments.
  • Further research and development in IVD-TE are essential to bridge the gap between laboratory findings and clinical practice.
  • Optimized IVD-TE constructs and thorough in vivo studies will pave the way for future clinical trials.