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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

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All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of...
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Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS): Overview01:19

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In inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS), an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) torch is used as an atomizer and ionizer. Solid samples are dissolved and volatilized before being introduced into the high-temperature argon plasma, while solution samples are nebulized and passed through the high-temperature argon plasma. Plasma dissociates the analytes and ionizes their component atoms to form a mixture of positive ions and molecular species. The positive ions are then...
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Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle01:19

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Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the most widely used plasma source in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), also known as Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The ICP source, or torch, consists of three concentric quartz tubes with argon gas flowing through them. A spark from a Tesla coil initiates the ionization of argon, generating a high-temperature plasma.
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Updated: Oct 23, 2025

Building Langmuir Probes and Emissive Probes for Plasma Potential Measurements in Low Pressure, Low Temperature Plasmas
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Natural hot-ion modes in a rotating plasma.

E J Kolmes1, I E Ochs1, M E Mlodik1

  • 1Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA.

Physical Review. E
|August 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

In steady-state fusion plasma, inward fuel ion transport is essential and generates heat. Removing fusion by-products naturally leads to a hot-ion mode, optimizing plasma performance.

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Area of Science:

  • Plasma Physics
  • Fusion Energy
  • Thermonuclear Fusion

Background:

  • Steady-state fusion plasma operation requires inward particle flux of fuel ions.
  • This particle transport is intrinsically linked to plasma heating mechanisms.
  • Heating can occur through various channels, affecting either fuel ions or electrons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the heating channels associated with classical transport in rotating cylindrical plasmas.
  • To determine the conditions under which a hot-ion mode naturally emerges.
  • To explore the role of alpha particle removal in achieving this mode.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of classical transport theory in a rotating cylindrical plasma.
  • Examination of distinct heating channels based on physical mechanisms.
  • Modeling of temperature, density, and rotation profiles.

Main Results:

  • Identified multiple distinct heating channels for fuel ions and electrons.
  • Demonstrated that the dominant heating channel depends on plasma profiles.
  • Showcased that a hot-ion mode naturally emerges under specific conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The emergence of a hot-ion mode in fusion plasmas is achievable with minimal assumptions on profiles.
  • Efficient removal of alpha particles is a key factor in naturally establishing this mode.
  • Understanding these transport and heating dynamics is crucial for fusion reactor design.