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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

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Overview
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Development of Immunocompetence

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Active versus Passive Immunity01:31

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Immunity, along with the ability to limit pathogen growth to prevent significant body tissue damage, can be gained either by (1) actively developing an immune response within the individual after exposure to a pathogen or after getting vaccinated or (2) passively transferring immune components from an immune individual to one who is nonimmune. Both these forms of immunity can be found naturally and in medical practices.
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Active immunity refers to the resistance one develops...
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Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

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Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
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Immunological Memory01:23

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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Updated: Oct 23, 2025

Determination of Vaccine Immunogenicity Using Bovine Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells
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Herd immunity: challenges and the way forward in Korea.

Jiyoung Oh1, Sohyun Kim1, Boyeong Ryu1

  • 1Division of Risk Assessment, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Korea.

Epidemiology and Health
|August 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Achieving herd immunity for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) requires ongoing strategies to boost vaccination rates and monitor for new variants. Public health measures will adapt as population immunity grows, but the virus will persist.

Keywords:
COVID-19Herd immunitySARS-CoV-2Transmission

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination is crucial for preventing spread and achieving herd immunity.
  • Many nations aim for 70-80% vaccination rates, but herd immunity does not equate to eradication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline challenges in achieving herd immunity for COVID-19.
  • To propose strategies for adapting public health responses as population immunity increases.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of vaccination dynamics and potential challenges.
  • Review of strategies for managing emerging variants and evolving public health measures.

Main Results:

  • Slowing vaccination rates necessitate risk communication and incentives.
  • Emerging variants require genomic surveillance and rapid contact tracing.
  • Booster doses may be needed based on vaccine-induced immunity studies.

Conclusions:

  • Transitioning from pandemic to endemic requires adaptive strategies, including targeted contact tracing and adjusted quarantine measures.
  • Continued vigilance with mask-wearing and social distancing is necessary.
  • COVID-19 will likely become an endemic virus, necessitating long-term management.