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Endocarditis can present various clinical features depending on the causative organism and the patient's underlying health conditions. Initially, the clinical features of infective endocarditis develop gradually, presenting with nonspecific symptoms that can be easily mistaken for other illnesses.General SymptomsEarly symptoms of infective endocarditis are fever, chills, weakness, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. These symptoms reflect the systemic nature of the infection and the body's...
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Introduction:Endocarditis is the infection of the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart and its valves. When the heart muscle is involved, the condition is termed myocarditis, while an infection of the outer lining is called pericarditis. Infective endocarditis (IE) primarily affects the endocardium, where pathogens adhere to the valves or lining, forming vegetation that can lead to severe complications. Infective endocarditis occurs when microorganisms, usually bacteria from other body...
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Myocarditis I: Introduction01:21

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Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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Pathogens in Vasculitis: Is It Really Idiopathic?

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  • 1Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.

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Infections may trigger vasculitis, an autoimmune condition. Research on animal models and human cases, using advanced sequencing, explores the link between pathogens and vasculitis pathogenesis.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pathology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Vasculitis is an autoimmune disease involving blood vessel inflammation.
  • Microorganisms are increasingly implicated in vasculitis pathogenesis.
  • Challenges in understanding the infection-vasculitis link include inadequate animal models and pathogen detection limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review findings on pathogen-associated vasculitis in humans and animal models.
  • To focus on investigating the pathogenesis of vasculitis.
  • To highlight the role of advanced techniques like metagenomic sequencing.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on pathogen-associated vasculitis.
  • Analysis of studies using animal models, including Candida albicans (CAWS)-induced coronary arteritis.
  • Discussion of advances in metagenomic next-generation sequencing for pathogen detection.

Main Results:

  • Infectious agents (viruses, bacteria, fungi) have been found in diseased vessels.
  • Candida albicans water-soluble fraction (CAWS)-induced coronary arteritis serves as a model for Kawasaki disease.
  • Metagenomic sequencing aids in identifying candidate pathogens, including novel viruses.

Conclusions:

  • Further research on animal models and vessel-associated microbes is crucial for understanding vasculitis pathogenesis.
  • Identifying pathogens in vasculitis may help elucidate mechanisms of this often idiopathic disease.
  • Advanced sequencing technologies offer new avenues for pathogen discovery in vasculitis.