Common and unique structural plasticity after left and right hemisphere stroke

Strokes to the left and right hemisphere lead to distinctive behavioral profiles. Are left and right hemisphere strokes (LHS and RHS) associated with distinct or common poststroke neuroplasticity patterns? Understanding this issue would reveal hemispheric neuroplasticity mechanisms in response to brain damage. To this end, we investigated poststroke structural changes (2 weeks to 3 months post-onset) using longitudinal MRI data from 69 LHS and 55 RHS patients and 31 demographic-matched healthy control participants. Both LHS and RHS groups showed statistically common plasticity independent of the lesioned hemisphere, including 1) gray matter (GM) expansion in the ipsilesional and contralesional precuneus, and contralesional superior frontal gyrus; 2) GM shrinkage in the ipsilesional medial orbital frontal gyrus and middle cingulate cortex. On the other hand, only RHS patients had significant GM expansion in the ipsilesional medial superior and orbital frontal cortex. Importantly, these common and unique GM changes post-stroke largely overlapped with highly-connected cortical hub regions in healthy individuals. Moreover, they correlated with behavioral recovery, indicating that post-stroke GM volumetric changes in cortical hubs reflect compensatory rather than maladaptive mechanisms. These results highlight the importance of structural neuroplasticity in hub regions of the cortex, along with the hemispheric specificity, for stroke recovery.