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Updated: Oct 23, 2025

Using Ustilago maydis as a Trojan Horse for In Situ Delivery of Maize Proteins

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Published on: February 8, 2019

Climate Change Modulates Multitrophic Interactions Between Maize, A Root Herbivore, and Its Enemies.

Anouk Guyer^1,2, Cong van Doan^1,2, Corina Maurer¹

¹Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland.

Journal of Chemical Ecology

|August 20, 2021

Summary

Climate change impacts belowground interactions, potentially worsening root pest problems. Increased herbivore performance and reduced biological control by entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are key concerns.

Keywords:

Climate change Entomopathogenic nematodes Maize Multitrophic interactions Root herbivory

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Area of Science:

Agricultural Science
Ecology
Climate Change Biology

Background:

Belowground tritrophic interactions are crucial for agricultural productivity.
The effects of climate change on these interactions remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the individual and combined effects of atmospheric CO2, temperature, and soil moisture on maize, banded cucumber beetle, and entomopathogenic nematode interactions.
To simulate climate change impacts using Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP 8.5).

Main Methods:

Manipulation of atmospheric CO2, temperature, and soil moisture.
Assessment of plant biomass, wilting, sugar, protein, and benzoxazinoid levels.
Evaluation of herbivore performance, survival, and entomopathogenic nematode infectivity.

Main Results:

Individual climate factors significantly altered plant traits and herbivore performance.
Combined climate change scenario (RCP 8.5) effects largely counterbalanced, except for drought's impact on wilting.
Increased temperature and CO2 enhanced herbivore performance but decreased nematode infectivity.
Root damage consistently led to increased leaf wilting and reduced root biomass.

Conclusions:

Climate change is likely to exacerbate root pest issues due to enhanced herbivore performance.
Reduced top-down control by entomopathogenic nematodes under climate change poses a significant threat to agriculture.
Drought stress remains a critical factor, with its negative impacts on plants not fully mitigated by other climate factors.