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Updated: Oct 23, 2025

Non-Invasive Electrical Brain Stimulation Montages for Modulation of Human Motor Function
Published on: February 4, 2016
Neuromodulation
Karen Noblett1, Carly Crowder1
1Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, 101 The City Drive South, Orange, CA 92686, USA.
Abstract:
Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) has been available in the United States for more than 20 years and is a guideline-recommended therapy by both the American Urological Association and the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, with proven long-term success for urinary urgency incontinence, urinary urgency frequency, nonobstructive urinary retention, and fecal incontinence. Initially the therapy involved a more invasive surgical approach that included a large cut down over the sacrum. This article reviews recent advancements in SNM therapy including updates in best practices for implant technique, technological innovations, and the new clinical literature relevant to contemporary practice.
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