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Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis
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2021 update on thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy.

E J Neag1,2,3, T J Smith4,5

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, Brehm Tower, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.

Journal of Endocrinological Investigation
|August 21, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Recent advances in understanding thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) include refined mouse models and the critical role of the IGF-IR pathway. Teprotumumab, an IGF-IR inhibitor, is now an approved treatment for active TAO.

Keywords:
AutoimmuneFibrocyteGraves’ ophthalmopathyInsulin-like growth factor receptorOrbit

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), also known as Graves' orbitopathy or thyroid eye disease, has seen significant advancements in understanding over the past decade.
  • Improved research methodologies have led to a clearer comprehension of autoimmune diseases, particularly TAO.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize recent scientific insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of TAO.
  • To highlight key developments in TAO research over the last ten years.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search of PubMed was conducted to identify relevant studies on TAO.
  • Analysis of key research findings, including advancements in mouse models, immune tolerance research, and the role of the IGF-IR pathway.

Main Results:

  • Refined mouse models and investigations into immune tolerance have advanced TAO understanding.
  • The insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) has been identified as critical in TAO development.
  • Teprotumumab, an IGF-IR inhibitor, demonstrated efficacy and safety in clinical trials, leading to FDA approval for moderate-to-severe active TAO.
  • The role of CD34+ fibrocytes and CD34+ orbital fibroblasts in TAO has been further elucidated.

Conclusions:

  • Substantial scientific progress in the last decade provides a foundation for future discoveries in TAO.
  • Continued research is expected to accelerate the development of new therapeutic strategies for TAO.