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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

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All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
Atomic nuclei have a net nuclear spin, , which can have an integer or half-integer value. In atomic nuclei, the spins of protons are paired against each other but not with neutrons, and vice versa. Consequently, an even number of protons does not...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
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The Pauli Exclusion Principle03:06

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

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The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 23, 2025

Spin Saturation Transfer Difference NMR SSTD NMR: A New Tool to Obtain Kinetic Parameters of Chemical Exchange Processes
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Hidden Spin-Isospin Exchange Symmetry.

Dean Lee1, Scott Bogner1, B Alex Brown1

  • 1Facility for Rare Isotope Beams and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|August 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A hidden spin-isospin symmetry in nuclear interactions, linked to quantum chromodynamics with many colors (N_{c}), is revealed at a specific momentum scale. This finding aids in understanding nuclear forces and structure.

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Physics
  • Quantum Chromodynamics
  • Particle Physics

Background:

  • Strong interactions among nucleons exhibit an approximate spin-isospin exchange symmetry.
  • This symmetry originates from quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in the limit of many colors (N_{c}).
  • The large-N_{c} symmetry is typically obscured and requires specific conditions to be observed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the conditions under which the large-N_{c} spin-isospin symmetry becomes apparent.
  • To determine the optimal momentum resolution scale (Λ_{large-N_{c}}) for observing this symmetry.
  • To derive spin-isospin exchange sum rules and explore their implications for nuclear physics.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of quantum chromodynamics in the large-N_{c} limit.
  • Theoretical derivation of spin-isospin exchange sum rules.
  • Investigation of momentum resolution scales for symmetry observation.

Main Results:

  • The large-N_{c} spin-isospin symmetry is observable only when averaging over intrinsic spin orientations.
  • The symmetry is obscured unless the momentum resolution scale is near an optimal value, Λ_{large-N_{c}} ≈ 500 MeV.
  • A set of spin-isospin exchange sum rules has been derived.

Conclusions:

  • The study identifies the specific conditions and momentum scale required to reveal a hidden symmetry in nuclear interactions.
  • The derived sum rules have implications for nuclear forces, nuclear structure calculations, and three-nucleon interactions.
  • Findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the fundamental symmetries governing nuclear matter.