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The interplay between the immune system and viruses.

R Wubben1, C Efstathiou1, N J Stevenson2

  • 1Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.

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Summary

The human immune system has two arms: innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity uses fixed responses, while adaptive immunity creates specific antigen-binding molecules. Both are crucial for defense.

Keywords:
Anti-viral interferonsImmune regulationImmune responseInterferonInterferon stimulated genesIntracellular signalingJak/STATPathogen recognition receptorsSOCSViral immune evasionVirus

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The human immune response comprises innate and adaptive immunity.
  • Innate immunity relies on germline genes for "hard-wired" responses.
  • Adaptive immunity involves somatic rearrangement of genes for antigen specificity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To delineate the distinct roles and cellular players of innate and adaptive immunity.
  • To explain the mechanism of adaptive immune response initiation via antigen presentation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established immunological principles.
  • Description of cellular components and their functions in immune responses.

Main Results:

  • Innate immunity involves cells of both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic origin.
  • Hematopoietic cells in innate immunity include macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, NK cells, and NKT cells.
  • Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and B cells, initiate adaptive immunity by presenting antigens.

Conclusions:

  • Innate immunity provides immediate, non-specific defense.
  • Adaptive immunity offers a tailored, specific response crucial for long-term protection.
  • Dendritic cells act as vital messengers bridging innate and adaptive immune responses.