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Related Concept Videos

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

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Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...
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There are two criteria that favor, but do not guarantee, the spontaneous formation of a solution:
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Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 23, 2025

Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Low-cost Ionic Liquids
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Room temperature dissolving cellulose with a metal salt hydrate-based deep eutectic solvent.

Zhihan Tong1, Juan Meng1, Shi Liu1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China.

Carbohydrate Polymers
|August 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed an inexpensive, eco-friendly deep eutectic solvent for room temperature cellulose dissolution. This breakthrough offers a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based polymers, enabling efficient cellulose processing.

Keywords:
Aqueous solutionsBiorefiningCelluloseDFT calculationsDeep eutectic solventsSolubilitySustainable chemistry

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Green Chemistry
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Cellulose, an abundant biopolymer, is a sustainable alternative to petroleum-derived synthetic polymers.
  • Efficient cellulose dissolution is hindered by high costs, harsh conditions, and environmental concerns associated with conventional methods.
  • Developing cost-effective and environmentally friendly solvents for cellulose is crucial for its widespread application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and synthesize a novel, low-cost deep eutectic solvent (DES) for efficient cellulose dissolution at room temperature.
  • To investigate the DES's ability to disrupt the strong hydrogen bond network within cellulose.
  • To demonstrate the solvent's recyclability, universality, and potential for pilot-scale production.

Main Methods:

  • A novel deep eutectic solvent was formulated using zinc chloride, water, and phosphoric acid.
  • The solvent's hydrogen bonding acidity and basicity were characterized.
  • Microcrystalline cellulose dissolution was performed at room temperature, and dissolution ratios were determined.
  • Cellulose recovery and solvent recyclability were assessed.

Main Results:

  • The developed DES efficiently dissolved microcrystalline cellulose at room temperature with a dissolution ratio of up to 15 wt%.
  • The solvent possesses both superior hydrogen bond acidity and basicity, acting as molecular scissors to cleave cellulose's hydrogen bonds.
  • Dissolved cellulose was recovered without derivatization, and the solvent demonstrated good recyclability.
  • The universality and pilot production of cellulose dissolution using this DES were successfully demonstrated.

Conclusions:

  • A novel, inexpensive, and eco-friendly deep eutectic solvent enables room temperature cellulose dissolution.
  • This solvent system offers a sustainable and efficient strategy for processing cellulose, overcoming limitations of traditional methods.
  • The findings provide a new avenue for designing DES for disrupting biomass hydrogen bonds under mild conditions.