The Extracellular NADome Modulates Immune Responses

Area of Science:

• Biochemistry
• Immunology
• Molecular Biology

Background:

• Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is traditionally known for its role in intracellular energy metabolism.
• Emerging evidence highlights NAD and its associated enzymes functioning outside the cell, influencing immune responses.
• Extracellular NAD can activate purinergic receptors, initiating inflammatory cascades.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the role of the extracellular NADome in immunomodulation.
• To explore strategies for targeting the extracellular NADome.
• To discuss the therapeutic potential of modulating the extracellular NADome.

Main Methods:

• Literature review focusing on extracellular NAD metabolism and function.
• Analysis of studies investigating NAD-related enzymes in extracellular spaces.
• Examination of therapeutic interventions targeting the NADome.

Main Results:

• Extracellular enzymes regulate NAD synthesis and degradation, exhibiting both enzymatic and non-enzymatic functions.
• The extracellular NADome is implicated in various conditions, including obesity, cancer, inflammatory bowel diseases, and sepsis.
• Extracellular NAD engages purinergic receptors, contributing to inflammation.

Conclusions:

• The extracellular NADome is a significant factor in immune system regulation.
• Targeting extracellular NAD metabolism presents promising therapeutic avenues.
• Further research into the NADome could lead to novel treatments for inflammatory and metabolic diseases.