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Related Concept Videos

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
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Heterochromatin

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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
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Deciphering High-Resolution 3D Chromatin Organization via Capture Hi-C
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Chromatin Conformation in Development and Disease.

Ilias Boltsis1, Frank Grosveld1, Guillaume Giraud1,2

  • 1Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|August 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Chromatin domains and loops are crucial for gene expression, development, and disease. New research integrates findings on how chromatin architecture influences these processes, offering insights into biological roles and disease mechanisms.

Keywords:
TADcancerchromatin conformationdevelopmentdifferentiationdiseasegene regulationregulatory element

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Chromatin structure, including domains and loops, plays a vital role in cellular processes.
  • The precise biological functions and nature of these chromatin structures are not fully understood.
  • Topological associated domains and functional loops are recognized as critical for gene regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize recent findings on the link between chromatin conformation and development, differentiation, and diseases.
  • To hypothesize models explaining how chromatin architecture impacts gene expression.
  • To integrate current knowledge on chromatin structure's role in development, evolution, and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of recent research findings.
  • Discussion of new discoveries linking chromatin conformation to biological processes.
  • Hypothesizing models based on integrated data.

Main Results:

  • Chromatin conformation is increasingly linked to key developmental events and cellular differentiation.
  • Aberrations in chromatin structure are associated with various diseases.
  • New models are proposed to explain the impact of chromatin architecture on gene expression.

Conclusions:

  • Chromatin domains and loops are fundamental to understanding gene expression, development, and disease.
  • Further research into chromatin architecture is essential for deciphering developmental decisions and disease pathologies.
  • Integrating findings on chromatin conformation offers a comprehensive view of its role in biological systems.