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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 23, 2025

An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis
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Immunotherapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Claudia A M Fulgenzi1, Thomas Talbot2, Sam M Murray3

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Current Treatment Options in Oncology
|August 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment has evolved beyond sorafenib with new targeted therapies and immunotherapies. While immunotherapy combinations show promise, optimal sequencing and biomarker use are crucial for advanced HCC survivorship.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Medical Oncology
  • Immunotherapy

Background:

  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment options were limited for decades, with sorafenib being the sole systemic therapy for advanced stages for over ten years.
  • Recent advancements introduced molecularly targeted therapies (e.g., lenvatinib, regorafenib) and immunotherapies, expanding treatment choices for advanced HCC.
  • Despite progress, treatment resistance and long-term toxicity remain significant challenges impacting patient survivorship.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolving treatment landscape for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
  • To discuss the role and limitations of targeted therapies and immunotherapies in HCC management.
  • To highlight the need for evidence-based strategies regarding immunotherapy sequencing and biomarker development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent clinical trial data and treatment guidelines for advanced HCC.
  • Analysis of the efficacy and toxicity profiles of targeted therapies and immunotherapies.
  • Discussion of current challenges and future directions in HCC systemic therapy.

Main Results:

  • Sorafenib was the standard of care for advanced HCC until recently; newer targeted agents have emerged.
  • Immunotherapy monotherapies showed limited survival benefits, but combinations like atezolizumab and bevacizumab improved survival compared to sorafenib.
  • The integration of immunotherapy into earlier stages of HCC treatment is ongoing, but evidence on optimal sequencing and head-to-head comparisons is lacking.

Conclusions:

  • The treatment of advanced HCC is rapidly evolving with the advent of targeted therapies and immunotherapies.
  • Immunotherapy combinations represent a significant advancement, but challenges remain regarding treatment sequencing, predictive biomarkers, and managing toxicity.
  • Personalized treatment decisions in HCC require balancing anti-tumor efficacy with individual patient toxicity considerations.