Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Regulates Different Types of Cell Death by Acting as a Rheostat
Gloria E Villalpando-Rodriguez1,2, Spencer B Gibson1,2
1Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
Abstract:
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential for cellular signaling and response to stress. The level of ROS and the type of ROS determine the ability of cells to undergo cell death. Furthermore, dysregulation of the antioxidant pathways is associated with many diseases. It has become apparent that cell death can occur through different mechanisms leading to the classifications of different types of cell death such as apoptosis, ferroptosis, and necroptosis. ROS play essential roles in all forms of cell death, but it is only now coming into focus that ROS control and determine the type of cell death that occurs in any given cell. Indeed, ROS may act as a rheostat allowing different cell death mechanisms to be engaged and crosstalk with different cell death types. In this review, we will describe the ROS regulatory pathways and how they control different types of cell death under normal and disease states. We will also propose how ROS could provide a mechanism of crosstalk between cell death mechanisms and act as a rheostat determining the type of cell death.
Insights
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulate cellular signaling and stress responses. This review explores how ROS levels and types dictate cell death mechanisms like apoptosis, ferroptosis, and necroptosis.
Area of Science:
- Cellular Biology
- Biochemistry
- Pathophysiology
Background:
- Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical for cellular signaling and stress responses.
- Antioxidant pathway dysregulation is linked to numerous diseases.
- Cell death occurs via distinct mechanisms including apoptosis, ferroptosis, and necroptosis.
Purpose of the Study:
- To elucidate the role of ROS in controlling different cell death types.
- To describe ROS regulatory pathways in normal and disease states.
- To propose ROS as a rheostat mechanism coordinating cell death pathways.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of ROS signaling in cell death.
- Analysis of ROS regulatory pathways.
- Examination of ROS crosstalk in cell death mechanisms.
Main Results:
- ROS levels and types determine specific cell death pathways.
- ROS act as a rheostat, modulating cell death engagement.
- ROS facilitate crosstalk between different cell death types.
Conclusions:
- ROS are central regulators of cell death modality.
- Understanding ROS control of cell death is crucial for disease states.
- ROS may serve as a key determinant in cell death pathway selection.
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