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Related Concept Videos

Electron Behavior00:54

Electron Behavior

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Overview
Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that are attracted to an orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in locations that are associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into sub-shells and orbitals within each shell.
Electrons Orbit the Nucleus
Electrons are found in specific locations outside of the nucleus. The shell in which an electron resides indicates the general energy level of the electron: those closer to the...
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Electron Transport Chain Components01:29

Electron Transport Chain Components

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The electron transport chain (ETC) is a crucial metabolic pathway that facilitates energy conversion in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotes, the ETC comprises four membrane-associated protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. In prokaryotes, the ETC in the plasma membrane can vary in composition, with fewer or different complexes depending on the organism and environmental conditions. These complexes transfer electrons from electron donors, such as NADH and FADH2, to...
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Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions03:03

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Chemical substances interact in many different ways. Certain chemical reactions exhibit common patterns of reactivity. Due to the vast number of chemical reactions, it becomes necessary to classify them based on the observed patterns of interaction.
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Electron Orbital Model01:18

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Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.
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Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV01:43

Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV

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During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
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Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1
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A Model Electron Transfer Reaction in Confined Aqueous Solution.

Jean-François Olivieri1, Damien Laage1, James T Hynes1,2

  • 1PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France.

Chemphyschem : a European Journal of Chemical Physics and Physical Chemistry
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Confined water

Keywords:
aqueous solutionconfinementdielectric constantelectron transfer reactionsolvent reorganization energy

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Liquid water's dielectric properties change when confined.
  • Reduced dielectric constants at interfaces may enhance electron transfer.
  • Nanoconfinement effects on interfacial chemistry are actively researched.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate electron transfer in water confined between graphene sheets.
  • Determine the mechanism behind enhanced electron transfer kinetics at interfaces.
  • Clarify the role of dielectric properties versus solvation effects.

Main Methods:

  • Classical molecular dynamics simulations.
  • Modeling an electron transfer reaction in aqueous solution.
  • Confining the system between graphene sheets.

Main Results:

  • Solvent reorganization energy is reduced at the graphene-water interface.
  • This reduction explains the observed increase in electron transfer rate.
  • The effect is primarily due to ion desolvation by graphene, not dielectric reduction.

Conclusions:

  • Graphene's influence on interfacial water facilitates electron transfer.
  • Desolvation, not dielectric changes, is the key factor for enhanced kinetics.
  • Understanding nanoconfined solvent effects is crucial for interfacial electron transfer applications.