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Related Concept Videos

Group Polarization01:01

Group Polarization

36.6K
Group polarization is the strengthening of an original group attitude following the discussion of views within a group (Teger & Pruitt, 1967). That is, if a group initially favors a viewpoint, after discussion the group consensus is likely a stronger endorsement of the viewpoint. Conversely, if the group was initially opposed to a viewpoint, group discussion would likely lead to stronger opposition.
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Social Foundations of Self IV: Self in Digital Communication01:30

Social Foundations of Self IV: Self in Digital Communication

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Since the early 2000s, computer-mediated communication (CMC) has grown rapidly, playing a crucial role in self-development. A key distinction between CMC and real-life interactions is the lack of a physically present partner. This absence makes non-verbal cues such as facial expressions, body language, and paralinguistic signals unavailable in CMC platforms like email, instant messaging, or social media. The lack of these cues can create ambiguity and complicate how feedback is interpreted.The...
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Social Exchange Theory01:26

Social Exchange Theory

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As formulated by John Thibaut and Harold Kelley, Social Exchange Theory explains human relationships as economic-like exchanges that maximize rewards and minimize costs. This theory suggests that individuals engage in relationships to gain benefits and reduce burdens, similar to economic transactions. It has been widely applied to various types of relationships, including romantic, professional, and social interactions.Rewards and Costs in RelationshipsRelationship rewards include emotional...
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Impact of Groups on Groups01:19

Impact of Groups on Groups

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Social psychologists analyze how groups influence one another, shaping social structures and interactions through both cooperation and competition. These dynamics manifest in various ways, ranging from economic partnerships to intergroup conflicts that shape societal structures and perceptions.Cooperation and Competition in Intergroup RelationsIntergroup relationships vary across contexts, sometimes fostering cooperation and mutual benefit while at other times leading to conflict and...
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Causes of Similarity-Dissimilarity Effect01:26

Causes of Similarity-Dissimilarity Effect

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The similarity-dissimilarity effect, a fundamental concept in social psychology, explains how interpersonal similarities and differences influence attraction and social interactions. This effect is supported by three key psychological perspectives: balance theory, social comparison theory, and consensual validation.Balance Theory and Cognitive ConsistencyBalance theory, developed by Fritz Heider, posits that individuals seek cognitive consistency in their relationships. When two people share...
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Social Identity01:29

Social Identity

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Social identity constitutes a significant aspect of an individual’s self-concept, shaped by membership in various social groups, including gender, nationality, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and political affiliation. Individuals associate specific traits with particular social groups, leading to internalization of these traits. For example, musicians are often perceived as creative, while women are frequently associated with nurturing tendencies. Once individuals identify with a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 23, 2025

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
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How social media shapes polarization.

Jay J Van Bavel1, Steve Rathje2, Elizabeth Harris3

  • 1Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA; Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA.

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Social media use significantly impacts political polarization. This review examines how platform design, user behavior, and content algorithms contribute to societal divisions.

Keywords:
polarizationpoliticspsychologysocial media

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Area of Science:

  • Political Science
  • Sociology
  • Communication Studies

Background:

  • Political polarization is a growing concern in many democracies.
  • The rise of social media platforms has coincided with increasing political divides.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review empirical evidence on the link between social media and political polarization.
  • To identify the mechanisms through which social media influences polarization.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of empirical studies.
  • Analysis of social, cognitive, and technological processes.

Main Results:

  • Social media influences polarization through partisan selection of information.
  • Message content and platform algorithms are key drivers of polarization.
  • Technological features amplify existing social and cognitive biases.

Conclusions:

  • Social media platforms play a significant role in shaping political polarization.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for mitigating negative societal impacts.