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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate. The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.

Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 23, 2025

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

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Hydrogen evolution catalysis by terminal molybdenum-oxo complexes.

Pinky Yadav¹, Izana Nigel-Etinger¹, Amit Kumar¹

¹Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.

|August 25, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed new molybdenum catalysts for hydrogen evolution. While some showed instability, one excelled in acidic water, demonstrating potential for sustainable green energy applications.

Keywords:

Catalysis Chemical reaction Chemistry Inorganic chemistry Molecular inorganic chemistry

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Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics

Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics

Published on: April 12, 2019

Area of Science:

Catalysis
Inorganic Chemistry
Electrochemistry

Background:

Terminal metal-oxygen bonds in stable complexes are typically poor hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts.
Molybdenum is a sustainable heavy transition metal with potential for green energy applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and evaluate novel (oxo)molybdenum(V) corrole complexes as potential HER catalysts.
To investigate if proton-assisted reduction can generate hyper-reactive molybdenum(III) species for efficient hydrogen production.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of three distinct (oxo)molybdenum(V) corrole complexes.
Electrochemical characterization to determine redox potentials and catalytic onset potentials for proton reduction.
Testing catalyst performance under both homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions in acidic water.

Main Results:

Significant differences in redox potentials were observed among the complexes, influencing catalytic onset potentials.
Two promising complexes exhibited instability under practical conditions.
The smallest, most electron-withdrawing catalyst demonstrated excellent performance under heterogeneous conditions, achieving 97% Faradaic efficiency for HER.

Conclusions:

Molybdenum corrole complexes can be engineered for efficient hydrogen evolution, despite initial stability challenges.
Heterogeneous catalysis with optimized molybdenum complexes shows significant promise for HER.
This work highlights molybdenum-based catalysts as viable candidates for sustainable green energy technologies.