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Related Concept Videos

Metabolism of Chemolithotrophs01:15

Metabolism of Chemolithotrophs

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Chemolithotrophs are microorganisms that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules such as hydrogen gas (H₂), ammonia (NH₃), reduced sulfur compounds (H₂S, S²⁻), and ferrous iron (Fe²⁺). Unlike heterotrophic organisms that rely on organic carbon, chemolithotrophs transfer electrons from these inorganic donors to the electron transport chain (ETC), generating a proton motive force (PMF) that drives ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
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Updated: Oct 23, 2025

Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O
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Nitrogen removal performance using anaerobic ammonium oxidation considering variable conditions.

Junmin Wang1, Lei Fu1

  • 1Zhejiang Institute of Hydraulics & Estuary, Hangzhou, China.

Science Progress
|August 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) efficiently removes nitrogen at 30°C, achieving a high nitrogen removal rate. Stable performance was observed at lower temperatures (16-20°C), with dissolved oxygen showing minimal impact on anammox sludge activity.

Keywords:
AnammoxModerate and low temperaturelow strength substratenitrogen removal performancestoichiometric ratio

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Microbiology
  • Wastewater Treatment Technologies
  • Biogeochemical Cycles

Background:

  • Anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) is a key process in the global nitrogen cycle.
  • Optimizing anammox performance is crucial for developing efficient and sustainable wastewater treatment systems.
  • Understanding the influence of temperature and dissolved oxygen on anammox is vital for reactor design and operation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the anaerobic nitrogen removal performance of anammox bacteria at different temperatures (30°C, 25°C, and 16°C).
  • To evaluate the impact of dissolved oxygen (DO) on anammox granular sludge activity and recovery.
  • To determine the stoichiometric ratios of key reactions under optimal conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor for anammox process studies.
  • Operating the reactor at controlled temperatures of 30°C, 25°C, and 16°C.
  • Monitoring influent ammonium (NH4+-N) and nitrite (NO2--N) concentrations, hydraulic retention time (HRT), nitrogen removal rate (NRR), and dissolved oxygen levels.

Main Results:

  • High-efficiency anammox nitrogen removal was achieved at 30°C, with a nitrogen removal rate (NRR) of 5.73 kg N m⁻³ d⁻¹ at an HRT of 0.14 h.
  • The anammox reactor demonstrated stable operation for over 80 days at 16°C-20°C, yielding an NRR of 2.78 kg N m⁻³ d⁻¹.
  • Dissolved oxygen had minimal effect on anammox granular sludge activity, with rapid recovery observed after DO exposure. Stoichiometric ratios at 30°C closely matched theoretical values, indicating anammox bacteria dominance.

Conclusions:

  • Temperature significantly impacts anammox nitrogen removal efficiency, with optimal performance observed at 30°C.
  • Anammox processes exhibit resilience to dissolved oxygen fluctuations, facilitating robust wastewater treatment.
  • The study confirms the dominance of anammox bacteria under optimal conditions and provides valuable stoichiometric data for process modeling.