Atavistic mutations reflect the long life span of dispensable genes

Most of the major innovations in evolution occurred at the very beginning of life on this earth some 3.5 billion years ago before the division of eukaryotes from prokaryotes. This initial innovativeness was due, in no small part, to the peculiar construction of primordial coding sequences that were repeats of base oligomers, the number of bases in oligomeric units not being a multiple of three. Such coding sequences are conferred with a measure of immortality. Because of this initial immortality and of long life span of genes after becoming dispensable, the ancient gene may remain silenced in particular phylogenetic trees for a very long time, only to be resurrected later. Hemoglobin genes expressed in exceptional bacteria, plants, worms, insects, as well as in all vertebrates are a good example of this. Atavistic mutations are more dramatic visible examples of such resurrection of long dormant genes. A few interesting examples are given.