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Related Concept Videos

B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

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Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
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Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Updated: Oct 22, 2025

Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
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Primary Immune Responses and Affinity Maturation Are Controlled by IgD.

Timm Amendt1, Omar El Ayoubi1, Alexandra T Linder1

  • 1Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.

Frontiers in Immunology
|August 26, 2021
PubMed
Summary

IgD B cell receptors (BCR) accelerate antibody production and regulate immune responses by distinguishing antigen valences. IgD deficiency delays protective antibody generation, worsening autoimmune diabetes.

Keywords:
B cell selectionIgDIgMantigen-valencyautoimmunitytolerance

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • B cell biology
  • Autoimmunity

Background:

  • Mature B cells express both IgM and IgD B cell antigen receptors (BCR).
  • The specific role of IgD-class BCR in B cell function remains largely unclear.
  • Previous studies showed minimal impact of IgD deficiency on most B cell functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of IgD in regulating B cell responsiveness and antibody production.
  • To determine if IgD influences the ability to distinguish between different antigen valences.
  • To examine the role of IgD in the development and progression of autoimmune diabetes.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of B cell responsiveness in IgD-deficient and wildtype (WT) mice post-immunization.
  • Assessment of antibody production kinetics and IgG modulation in response to monovalent and multivalent antigens.
  • Evaluation of autoimmune diabetes development in WT and IgD-deficient mice using an insulin-derived peptide model.

Main Results:

  • IgD-deficient mice exhibited accelerated primary antibody production (24h vs. 3 days in WT).
  • IgD-deficient mice failed to modulate IgG responses based on antigen valence, unlike WT mice.
  • In an autoimmune diabetes model, IgD-deficient mice showed earlier onset and more severe symptoms due to delayed high-affinity protective IgM generation.

Conclusions:

  • IgD plays a critical role in controlling the rate of B cell activation and antibody production.
  • IgD is essential for discriminating antigen valences, influencing IgG response modulation.
  • IgD is crucial for the timely generation of high-affinity protective antibodies, thereby controlling autoimmune diabetes progression.