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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
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Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
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Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
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The Joule-Thomson effect, also known as the Joule-Kelvin effect, describes the temperature change of a fluid when it is forced through a valve or porous plug while keeping it in a thermally insulated environment. This experiment is called a throttling process. This is an important effect widely used in refrigeration and the liquefaction of gases.
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Transient convection experiments in internally-heated systems.

Angela Limare1, Balthasar Kenda1, Edouard Kaminski1

  • 1Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, 1 rue Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France.

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Radioactive decay drives planetary heat. New microwave heating experiments reveal a scaling law for internal temperature evolution in viscous fluids, crucial for understanding planetary thermal history.

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3D temperature fieldLaser induced fluorescenceRunge-Kutta integrationScaling lawThermochromic liquid crystals

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Area of Science:

  • * Planetary Science
  • * Geophysics
  • * Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • * Radioactive decay is a primary heat source in planetary formation and terrestrial planet mantles.
  • * Previous experimental studies lacked the capability to replicate planetary conditions (Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers).
  • * A novel microwave heating technique enables laboratory studies relevant to planetary bodies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate the thermal evolution of internally heated viscous fluids under conditions relevant to planetary interiors.
  • * To establish a scaling law for internal temperature variation based on experimental data.
  • * To develop a parameterized model for predicting internal fluid temperature over time.

Main Methods:

  • * Generation of a uniform, stable microwave-induced heat source in a large tank.
  • * Utilization of automatic laser scanning for 3D temperature field measurement.
  • * Image processing to extract volume-averaged temperature and surface heat flux evolution.

Main Results:

  • * A steady-state scaling law was established, linking internal temperature variation to the Rayleigh number.
  • * This scaling law was found to be valid during the transitory regime when internal heating and secular cooling were considered.
  • * A transient scaling law for the time evolution of volume-averaged temperature in internally heated convective systems was validated.

Conclusions:

  • * The developed parameterized model accurately describes the average internal fluid temperature as a function of time.
  • * The findings provide crucial insights into the thermal evolution of planetary interiors.
  • * This research advances experimental capabilities for studying planetary heat transfer processes.