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Understanding Sensitive Period Effects in Musical Training.

Virginia B Penhune1,2

  • 1Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada. virginia.penhune@concordia.ca.

Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences
|August 26, 2021
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Early music training before age 9 significantly impacts adult musical abilities and brain development. This highlights sensitive periods where experience interacts with genetics and maturation for skill acquisition.

Keywords:
Brain maturationCritical periodDevelopmentInteractive specializationMusical expertiseMusical training

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Complex cognitive abilities, like musical skill, arise from gene-environment interactions.
  • Maturation's role in these interactions, particularly the timing of experience, is increasingly recognized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence for sensitive periods in musical training.
  • To propose a framework integrating genetic, environmental, and maturational factors in musical skill development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing research on musical training, brain maturation, and sensitive periods.
  • Development of an integrated framework for understanding skill acquisition.

Main Results:

  • Musical training before ages 7-9 enhances musical performance and alters brain structure/function.
  • Evidence supports sensitive periods for music learning with long-term effects.

Conclusions:

  • The timing of musical experience is critical for long-term outcomes.
  • An integrated framework can explain how predispositions, brain development, and experience interact to shape musical ability.