Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

13.8K
Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
13.8K
Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

6.6K
In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
6.6K
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

5.3K
During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
5.3K
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

35.4K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
35.4K
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

279
Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
279
RNA Structure01:19

RNA Structure

5.6K
The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three...
5.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Pre-transition nutrition dose and mortality using a CRP-Free operational metabolic transition framework: A MIMIC-IV transportability analysis.

Clinical nutrition ESPEN·2026
Same author

Long-term comparative efficacy and safety of DOACs versus Warfarin in Patients with AF and CKD: a Nationwide Observational Study.

Heart rhythm·2026
Same author

Noradrenaline-trajectory phenotypes in septic shock: derivation and external validation in two independent cohorts.

Intensive care medicine experimental·2026
Same author

RetiMap: Automated Retinal Vascular Measures Link Microvascular Structure to Metabolic Health and Predict Cardiovascular Risk.

JACC. Basic to translational science·2026
Same author

The promise of adaptive health in the United Arab Emirates and beyond.

Nature genetics·2026
Same author

Population-scale characterization of the oral microbiome and associations with metabolic health.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

Biomolecular condensates for proteostasis and potential therapeutic applications.

Molecular cell·2026
Same journal

A negative regulator of mitochondrial complex I assembly adapts respiration to cellular energy demand.

Molecular cell·2026
Same journal

Large-scale tethered screen of RNA-binding proteins reveals novel regulators of poly(A) site selection.

Molecular cell·2026
Same journal

Longitudinal monitoring of cytoplasmic RBP-RNA interactions and transcriptome in living cells by engineered protein nanocages.

Molecular cell·2026
Same journal

Structures of the PI3Kα/KRas complex on lipid bilayers reveal molecular mechanisms of PI3Kα activation.

Molecular cell·2026
Same journal

Oligomer disassembly activates an HEPN-containing bacterial defense system.

Molecular cell·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 22, 2025

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs
13:10

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs

Published on: March 10, 2020

7.5K

Structured elements drive extensive circular RNA translation.

Chun-Kan Chen1, Ran Cheng2, Janos Demeter2

  • 1Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Departments of Dermatology and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

Molecular Cell
|August 26, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered thousands of RNA sequences that enable circular RNAs (circRNAs) to be translated into proteins. This finding reveals new insights into circRNA functions and their role in diseases like cancer.

Keywords:
18S complementarityFGFR1cap-independent translationcircFGFR1pcircRNA-encoded proteincircular RNAinternal ribosome entry sitestructured RNA element

More Related Videos

Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing
08:25

Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing

Published on: November 14, 2019

12.4K
Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment
10:24

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Published on: September 27, 2015

10.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 22, 2025

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs
13:10

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs

Published on: March 10, 2020

7.5K
Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing
08:25

Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing

Published on: November 14, 2019

12.4K
Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment
10:24

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Published on: September 27, 2015

10.9K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are abundant in the human genome but their functions remain largely unknown.
  • Translation of circRNAs typically requires internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) in the absence of a 5' cap.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically identify RNA sequences that can drive circRNA translation in human cells.
  • To understand the mechanisms and biological relevance of circRNA-encoded proteins.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a high-throughput screening method to discover circRNA IRES elements.
  • Utilized ribosome profiling and peptidomic analyses to study circRNA translation.
  • Investigated the function of specific circRNA-encoded proteins in cellular processes.

Main Results:

  • Identified over 17,000 endogenous and synthetic sequences as candidate circRNA IRES.
  • 18S rRNA complementarity and specific RNA structures are crucial for IRES-driven translation.
  • Discovered hundreds of circRNA-encoded proteins with tissue-specific expression, including circFGFR1p.
  • circFGFR1p acts as a tumor suppressor by negatively regulating FGFR1 oncoprotein in cancer cells.

Conclusions:

  • Systematic identification of circRNA IRES elements provides a framework for understanding circRNA translation.
  • circRNA-encoded proteins have diverse biological functions and implications in disease.
  • This work links circRNA regulation, protein production, and cellular function, opening new avenues for disease research.