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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Updated: Oct 22, 2025

Chemical Reversion of Conventional Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to a Naïve-like State with Improved Multilineage Differentiation Potency
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Stepwise conversion methods between ground states pluripotency from naïve to primed.

Daiji Okamura1, Miho Chikushi1, Yuta Chigi2

  • 1Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, 631-8505, Japan.

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
|August 26, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed efficient methods to convert naïve pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into primed PSCs. This breakthrough facilitates studying pluripotency progression and related biological processes.

Keywords:
ConversionGround stateNaïvePrimedp53rsEpiSC

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) exist in naïve (pre-implantation epiblast) and primed (peri-gastrulation epiblast) states.
  • These states differ in molecular mechanisms maintaining undifferentiation.
  • The transition between naïve and primed PSCs offers a model for studying in vivo pluripotency development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop efficient methods for converting mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from a naïve to a primed state.
  • To generate ground state primed epiblast stem cells (rsEpiSCs) from naïve ESCs.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a previously established F/R1 culture condition (FGF2 and Wnt inhibitor IWR1) for primed stem cell derivation.
  • Developed and tested three distinct methods for converting naïve ESCs (2i/LIF condition) to primed rsEpiSCs.
  • Focused on stepwise conversion protocols.

Main Results:

  • Stepwise conversion methods proved effective for generating bona fide rsEpiSCs.
  • Direct conversion methods were found to be ineffective.
  • Established a robust and efficient strategy for naïve-to-primed PSC conversion.

Conclusions:

  • A reliable method for converting naïve PSCs to primed rsEpiSCs has been established.
  • This strategy will aid in investigating genetic, epigenetic, and metabolic factors in pluripotency progression.
  • The findings advance the study of stem cell differentiation and development.