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Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases: Novel Challenges in Today's World or More of the Same?
1Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
Abstract:
More than 61% of all human pathogens are zoonotic, representing 75% of all emerging pathogens during the past decade. Albeit significant technological leaps in diagnostics development and disease surveillance, zoonotic emerging infectious diseases are evermore a matter of concern, particularly in modern days where global warming keeps providing ideal climatic conditions to the introduction of exotic infectious agents or disease vectors in new territories. Worryingly, the 2019 novel coronavirus epidemic acts as an extreme reminder of the role animal reservoirs play in public health, accounting for over 4,200,000 deaths worldwide until today. In this Special Issue, we approach a myriad of zoonotic infectious diseases and their complex mechanisms. This Special Issue is composed of three reviews on zoonotic diseases of African Lions, hemogregarine classification, and hepatitis E virus in Brazil, followed by one letter and one opinion piece that broadens the spectrum of disease emergence to mechanistic aspects of emerging non-communicable diseases. The Special Issue is completed by six research papers covering a wide array of emerging and re-emerging diseases of poultry, bovine, poultry and tortoises, of various nature such as parasitic, bacterial, and viral. This is a brief but assertive collection that showcases the need to address health at the animal-human-environment interface, in a One Health perspective.
Insights
Zoonotic diseases, originating from animals, pose a significant global health threat, exacerbated by climate change. This collection highlights diverse zoonotic pathogens and emphasizes a One Health approach for integrated animal, human, and environmental disease surveillance.
Area of Science:
- Veterinary Medicine
- Public Health
- Infectious Diseases
Background:
- Zoonotic diseases constitute over 61% of human pathogens and 75% of emerging infectious diseases.
- Global warming facilitates the spread of exotic infectious agents and vectors, increasing zoonotic disease risk.
- The COVID-19 pandemic underscores the critical role of animal reservoirs in public health emergencies.
Discussion:
- This Special Issue examines various zoonotic infectious diseases, including reviews on African Lion diseases, hemogregarine classification, and Hepatitis E virus in Brazil.
- It also includes research on emerging and re-emerging diseases in poultry, bovine, and tortoises, encompassing parasitic, bacterial, and viral agents.
- The collection extends to mechanistic aspects of emerging non-communicable diseases, broadening the scope of disease emergence.
Key Insights:
- Zoonotic pathogens represent a substantial and growing threat to global health.
- Climate change is a significant driver for the emergence and spread of zoonotic diseases.
- A multidisciplinary "One Health" approach is essential for effective disease control and prevention.
Outlook:
- Future research should focus on understanding the complex interplay between animal, human, and environmental health.
- Enhanced surveillance and diagnostic tools are crucial for early detection and response to zoonotic outbreaks.
- Integrated strategies addressing the animal-human-environment interface are vital for mitigating future pandemics.
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