Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 22, 2025

In Silico Modeling Method for Computational Aquatic Toxicology of Endocrine Disruptors: A Software-Based Approach Using QSAR Toolbox
Published on: August 28, 2019
Apply a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model to Promote the Development of Enrofloxacin Granules: Predict
Kaixiang Zhou1, Aimei Liu1, Wenjin Ma1
1National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan 430070, China.
Abstract:
Enrofloxacin (ENR) granules were developed to prevent and control the infections caused by foodborne zoonotic intestinal pathogens in our previous studies. To promote the further development of ENR granules and standardize their usage in pigs, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of the ENR granule in pigs was built to determine the withdrawal time (WT) and evaluate the toxicity to pigs. Meanwhile, the population WT was determined by a Monte Carlo analysis to guarantee pork safety. The fitting results of the model showed that the tissue residual concentrations of ENR, ciprofloxacin, and ENR plus ciprofloxacin were all well predicted by the built PBPK model (R2 > 0.82). When comparing with the EMA's WT1.4 software method, the final WT (6 d) of the ENR granules in the population of pigs was well predicted. Moreover, by combining the cytotoxicity concentration (225.9 µg/mL) of ENR against pig hepatocytes, the orally safe dosage range (≤130 mg/kg b.w.) of the ENR granules to pigs was calculated based on the validated PBPK model. The well-predicted WTs and a few uses in animals proved that the PBPK model is a potential tool for promoting the judicious use of antimicrobial agents and evaluating the toxicity of the veterinary antimicrobial products.
Related Concept Videos
Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Repetitive IV Injections
Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Incorporating Hepatic Transporter-Mediated Clearance
A recent model describes pravastatin's hepatobiliary excretion,...
One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: General Considerations
The drug's presence in the body is defined by an equation representing the difference between the rates of drug entry and exit. Key parameters—elimination rate constant,...
Determination of Multiple Dosing Parameters: Steady-State, Minimum and Maximum Concentrations
Dosage Regimens: Partial Pharmacokinetic Parameters
One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: Estimation of Elimination Rate Constant, Half-Life and Volume of Distribution

