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Updated: Oct 22, 2025

Isolation of Leukocytes from Human Breast Milk for Use in an Antibody-dependent Cellular Phagocytosis Assay of HIV Targets
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Isolation of Leukocytes from Human Breast Milk for Use in an Antibody-dependent Cellular Phagocytosis Assay of HIV Targets

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Mother-to-Child Transmission of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1: Mechanisms and Nutritional Strategies for

Kazuo Itabashi1,2, Tokuo Miyazawa2

  • 1Aiseikai Memorial Ibaraki Welfare Medical Center, 1872-1 Motoyoshida-cho, Mito-City 310-0836, Japan.

Cancers
|August 27, 2021
PubMed

Approximately 95% of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is derived from prolonged breastfeeding, which is a major cause of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). Exclusive formula feeding (ExFF) is therefore generally used to prevent MTCT. A recent cohort study revealed that 55% of pregnant carriers chose short-term breastfeeding for ≤3 months in Japan. Our meta-analysis showed that there was no significant increase in the risk of MTCT when breastfeeding was carried out for ≤3 months compared with ExFF (pooled relative risk (RR), 0.72; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.30-1.77), but there was an almost threefold increase in risk when breastfeeding was carried out for up to 6 months (pooled RR, 2.91; 95% CI, 1.69-5.03). Thus, short-term breastfeeding for ≤3 months may be useful in preventing MTCT. Breastmilk is the best nutritional source for infants, and any approach to minimizing MTCT by avoiding or limiting breastfeeding must be balanced against the impact on the child's health and mother-child bonding. To minimize the need for nutritional interventions, it is necessary to identify factors that predispose children born to carrier mothers to MTCT and thereby predict MTCT development with a high degree of accuracy.

Keywords:
exclusive formula feedingfrozen and thawed breastmilk feedinghuman T cell leukemia virus type 1mother-to-child transmissionshort-term breastfeedingtransplacental transmission

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