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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...
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Related Experiment Video

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Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion
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Pathophysiological Association between Diabetes Mellitus and Endothelial Dysfunction.

Tatsuya Maruhashi1, Yukihito Higashi1,2

  • 1Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
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Diabetes mellitus causes endothelial dysfunction via oxidative stress and insulin resistance. Certain medications can improve endothelial function, crucial for preventing cardiovascular complications in diabetic patients.

Keywords:
diabetes mellitusendothelial dysfunctionoxidative stress

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolism

Background:

  • Endothelial dysfunction is a key factor in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications.
  • Diabetes mellitus is strongly linked to oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction.
  • Hyperglycemia and glucose fluctuations in diabetes exacerbate oxidative stress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review therapeutic interventions for improving endothelial function in diabetes.
  • To highlight the role of glucose control and insulin sensitivity in preventing diabetic vascular complications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on diabetes, oxidative stress, and endothelial function.
  • Analysis of the mechanisms by which various hypoglycemic drugs impact endothelial function.
  • Evaluation of evidence for antioxidant efficacy in diabetic complications.

Main Results:

  • Selective insulin resistance in the PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway contributes to endothelial dysfunction.
  • Drugs targeting postprandial glucose (glinides, α-GI, DPP-4 inhibitors) and insulin sensitivity (TZDs, metformin) may improve endothelial function.
  • GLP-1 RAs, metformin, and SGLT2 inhibitors offer potential benefits independent of glucose control.
  • Oral antioxidants are not recommended for diabetic complications.

Conclusions:

  • Therapeutic strategies aimed at improving endothelial function are vital for managing diabetic vascular complications.
  • Pharmacological interventions targeting glucose control and insulin sensitivity show promise.
  • Further research into mechanisms beyond glucose control is warranted for novel therapeutic approaches.