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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
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Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 22, 2025

Recombinant α- β- and γ-Synucleins Stimulate Protein Phosphatase 2A Catalytic Subunit Activity in Cell Free Assays
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Recombinant α- β- and γ-Synucleins Stimulate Protein Phosphatase 2A Catalytic Subunit Activity in Cell Free Assays

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Roles for α-Synuclein in Gene Expression.

Mahalakshmi Somayaji1, Zina Lanseur1, Se Joon Choi1

  • 1Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.

Genes
|August 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) is crucial for synaptic function and Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. Understanding its normal roles and the effects of reducing α-Syn levels is vital for developing effective PD therapies.

Keywords:
Parkinson’s diseasecalcium channelsepigeneticsgene expressionnuclear receptorssignal transductionsilencing therapeuticsα-Synuclein

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High-throughput Functional Screening using a Homemade Dual-glow Luciferase Assay
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Detection of Disease-associated α-synuclein by Enhanced ELISA in the Brain of Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Human A53T Mutated α-synuclein
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Last Updated: Oct 22, 2025

Recombinant α- β- and γ-Synucleins Stimulate Protein Phosphatase 2A Catalytic Subunit Activity in Cell Free Assays
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High-throughput Functional Screening using a Homemade Dual-glow Luciferase Assay
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Detection of Disease-associated α-synuclein by Enhanced ELISA in the Brain of Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Human A53T Mutated α-synuclein
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) is a cytosolic protein found in various cellular compartments.
  • It plays a physiological role in presynaptic function.
  • α-Syn is implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis through a gain-of-function mechanism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent evidence on the physiological and pathological roles of α-Syn.
  • To evaluate the potential side effects of decreasing α-Syn levels in PD patients.
  • To understand α-Syn's role in activity-dependent signal transduction and gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent evidence on α-Syn.
  • Analysis of physiological and pathological roles of α-Syn.
  • Evaluation of signaling pathways regulated by α-Syn.

Main Results:

  • α-Syn regulates synaptic vesicle function.
  • α-Syn is central to PD pathogenesis.
  • α-Syn influences activity-dependent signal transduction and gene expression pathways.
  • Synaptic plasticity is fundamentally linked to α-Syn function.

Conclusions:

  • Therapeutic strategies targeting α-Syn levels in PD require careful consideration of its normal functions.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand the implications of α-Syn depletion.
  • α-Syn's role in synaptic plasticity is a key area for future investigation.