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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Internal Anatomy of the Kidney01:12

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The kidneys are essential organs in the human body, performing a myriad of tasks that maintain homeostasis and overall health.
Anatomical Position and Dimensions
The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs positioned against the posterior abdominal wall on either side of the spine, roughly between the twelfth thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae. Each kidney is typically 10-12 cm long, 5-6 cm wide, and 3-4 cm thick, weighing about 150 grams.
Renal Cortex
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Kidney Structure01:45

Kidney Structure

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The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water and electrolytes of the circulatory system via the renal veins. The kidneys receive blood directly from the heart via the renal arteries. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave surface of the bean, where they branch and divide into smaller vessels and capillaries.
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External Anatomy of the Kidney01:21

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The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs in the human body that play a critical role in maintaining overall health. They filter out waste products from the blood, regulate blood pressure, maintain electrolyte balance, and stimulate the production of red blood cells.
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 22, 2025

Isolation and Culture of Cells from the Nephrogenic Zone of the Embryonic Mouse Kidney
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Current Epigenetic Insights in Kidney Development.

Katrina Chan1, Xiaogang Li1,2

  • 1Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.

Genes
|August 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Epigenetic mechanisms like DNA methylation are crucial for kidney development and function. New single-cell epigenomics and RNA sequencing techniques offer deeper insights into kidney cell lineage specification and disease.

Keywords:
DNA methylationepigeneticshistone modificationkidney developmentsingle-cell RNA sequencingsingle-cell epigenomics

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Kidney development involves well-characterized genes and signaling pathways.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, are vital for gene transcription and cellular stability during development and in adult tissues.
  • The precise role of these epigenetic mechanisms in kidney development remains an area of active investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review major genes and pathways associated with epigenetic mechanisms in kidney development.
  • To discuss the application of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) in studying kidney development.
  • To summarize single-cell epigenomic techniques for high-resolution epigenome characterization.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epigenetic mechanisms in kidney development.
  • Discussion of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) applications.
  • Summary of single-cell epigenomic techniques.

Main Results:

  • Identified key genes and signaling pathways involved in kidney development and epigenetics.
  • Highlighted the utility of scRNA-seq for understanding gene expression dynamics in developing kidneys.
  • Outlined the potential of single-cell epigenomics for detailed epigenome mapping.

Conclusions:

  • Combining scRNA-seq and single-cell epigenomics will advance understanding of early cell lineage specification in embryonic and adult kidney development.
  • These integrated approaches may provide novel insights into the epigenetic underpinnings of kidney diseases.