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Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Subviral Agents01:29

Subviral Agents

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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors
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TRIM22. A Multitasking Antiviral Factor.

Isabel Pagani1, Guido Poli2,3, Elisa Vicenzi1

  • 1Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, IRCCS-Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.

Cells
|August 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The tripartite motif (TRIM) protein TRIM22 acts as a potent antiviral defense against viruses like HIV-1 and influenza A. It restricts viral replication through direct or indirect interactions and epigenetic modifications.

Keywords:
DNA and RNA virusesHIV-1TRIM22influenza A virusinterferons

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Intracellular host defense mechanisms are activated upon viral invasion to limit virus spread.
  • Pattern recognition receptors detect viral components, initiating the production of type I interferons (IFNs).
  • Type I IFNs induce interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) with antiviral functions, including tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight TRIM22 as a key antiviral executor within the TRIM family.
  • To discuss the broad-spectrum antiviral activities of TRIM22 against DNA and RNA viruses.
  • To explore the mechanisms by which TRIM22 restricts viral replication.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on TRIM22 and its antiviral functions.
  • Analysis of TRIM22 interactions with viral proteins and host cellular machinery.
  • Investigation of TRIM22's role in regulating viral gene expression and chromatin.

Main Results:

  • TRIM22 exhibits antiviral activity against significant human pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and influenza A virus (IAV).
  • TRIM22 employs multiple strategies to restrict viral replication, including direct E3 ubiquitin ligase activity towards viral proteins.
  • TRIM22 also mediates antiviral effects indirectly through protein-protein interactions and epigenetic modifications at the chromatin level.

Conclusions:

  • TRIM22 is a versatile, multitarget antiviral protein crucial for innate immunity.
  • Understanding TRIM22's mechanisms provides insights into host-virus interactions and potential therapeutic strategies.
  • TRIM22's ability to target viruses through diverse mechanisms underscores its importance in cellular defense.